Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1848-5906
Ursache, Verbreitung und evidenzbasierte Therapie sowie Prävention der peripartalen Hypokalzämie
Etiology, prevalence and evidence-based therapy and prevention of periparturient hypocalcemia![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00034912/202203/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-a-1848-5906-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Die peripartale Hypokalzämie ist eine weit verbreitete Stoffwechselstörung, dessen klinische Form etwa 7 % der Milchkühe und dessen subklinische Form fast jede 2. multipare Kuh betrifft. Obwohl sich hinsichtlich Diagnostik und Therapie in den letzten 30 Jahren kaum etwas verändert hat, herrscht bei Landwirten und Tierärzten Unklarheit über die Prävalenz und den Risikozeitraum dieser Stoffwechselstörung. Darüber hinaus gibt es sehr unterschiedliche Angaben darüber, wieviel Kalzium einer Kuh mit klinischer Hypokalzämie substituiert werden sollte. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, die Entstehung und Verbreitung von Hypokalzämie evidenzbasiert darzustellen. Des Weiteren werden die Ergebnisse älterer und neuer Studien zusammengefast, mit dem Ziel eine möglichst genaue Empfehlung zur Behandlung von klinischer Hypokalzämie zu geben. Da in einer 2017 durchgeführten Studie gezeigt wurde, dass der überwiegende Teil deutscher Milchviehbetriebe keine Prophylaxe gegen Hypokalzämie betreibt, werden in dem letzten Teil dieser Arbeit die verschiedenen Prophylaxekonzepte, unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Literatur, dargestellt.
Abstract
Periparturient hypocalcemia is a frequently observed metabolic disorder in fresh cows. While the clinical form affects approximately 7 % of German dairy cows, nearly half of the multiparous cows exhibit subclinical hypocalcemia. Although both diagnosis and therapy have not changed over the last three decades, some farmers and practitioners are still unaware about the prevalence of and risk period for subclinical hypocalcemia. Moreover, various recommendations exist concerning the amount of calcium that is to be administered intravenously to a cow experiencing clinical signs of hypocalcemia. This article reviews the causes and prevalence of periparturient hypocalcemia. The aim is further to summarize the results of studies investigating therapy of clinical hypocalcemia in order to provide an evidence-based recommendation on the treatment of recumbent cows. Despite the high prevalence of hypocalcemia, it has been shown that the majority of German farmers do not implement preventive strategies against hypocalcemia. Therefore, we furthermore describe preventive strategies that may be useful in reducing the risk of hypocalcemia, based on what is known from the current literature.
Schlüsselwörter
Kalziummangel - Milchfieber - subklinische Hypokalzämie - Prävalenz - Stoffwechselstörung - Vitamin DPublication History
Received: 25 October 2021
Accepted: 22 March 2022
Article published online:
05 July 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Drackley JK. Biology of Dairy Cows During the Transition Period: the Final Frontier?. J Dairy Sci 1999; (82) 2259-2273
- 2 Venjakob PL, Borchardt S, Heuwieser W. Hypocalcemia-Cow-level prevalence and preventive strategies in German dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (11) 9258-9266 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12494.
- 3 Bradford BJ, Yuan K, Farney JK. et al. Invited review: Inflammation during the transition to lactation: New adventures with an old flame. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98 (10) 6631-6650 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9683.
- 4 Pascottini OB, Leroy JLMR, Opsomer G. Metabolic Stress in the Transition Period of Dairy Cows: Focusing on the Prepartum Period. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10 (08) DOI: 10.3390/ani10081419.
- 5 Martinez N, Sinedino LDP, Bisinotto RS. et al. Effect of induced subclinical hypocalcemia on physiological responses and neutrophil function in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97 (02) 874-887 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7408.
- 6 Neves RC, Leno BM, Bach KD. et al. Epidemiology of subclinical hypocalcemia in early-lactation Holstein dairy cows: The temporal associations of plasma calcium concentration in the first 4 days in milk with disease and milk production. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (10) 9321-9331 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14587.
- 7 Venjakob PL, Pieper L, Heuwieser W. et al. Association of postpartum hypocalcemia with early-lactation milk yield, reproductive performance, and culling in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (10) 9396-9405 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14202.
- 8 Rodríguez EM, Arís A, Bach A. Associations between subclinical hypocalcemia and postparturient diseases in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (09) 7427-7434 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12210.
- 9 Venjakob PL, Staufenbiel R, Heuwieser W. et al. Association between serum calcium dynamics around parturition and common postpartum diseases in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104 (02) 2243-2253 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17821.
- 10 Chapinal N, Carson M, Duffield TF. et al. The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94 (10) 4897-4903 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4075.
- 11 Martinez N, Risco CA, Lima FS. et al. Evaluation of peripartal calcium status, energetic profile, and neutrophil function in dairy cows at low or high risk of developing uterine disease. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95 (12) 7158-7172 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5812.
- 12 Martinez N, Rodney RM, Block E. et al. Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference and source of vitamin D in dairy cows: Health and reproductive responses. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (03) 2563-2578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13740.
- 13 Venjakob PL, Staufenbiel R, Heuwieser W. et al. Serum calcium dynamics within the first 3 days in milk and the associated risk of acute puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102 (12) 11428-11438 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16721.
- 14 Ramberg CF, Johnson EK, Fargo RD. et al. Calcium homeostasis in cows, with special reference to parturient hypocalcemia. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol 1984; (246) 698-704
- 15 Martín-Tereso J, Martens H. Calcium and magnesium physiology and nutrition in relation to the prevention of milk fever and tetany (dietary management of macrominerals in preventing disease). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30 (03) 643-670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.07.007.
- 16 Martens H, Deiner C. Bedeutung von Magnesium, Phosphor, Zeolith und Phytat bei der Gebärparese der Milchkuh. Prakt Tierarzt 2016; (97) 52-63
- 17 House WA, Bell AW. Mineral Accretion in the Fetus and Adnexa During Late Gestation in Holstein Cows. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76 (10) 2999-3010 DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77639-0.
- 18 National Academics of Sciences. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington, D. C: National Academies Press; 2021. DOI: 10.17226/25806
- 19 Goff JP. Calcium and magnesium disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30 (02) 359-81 vi DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.04.003.
- 20 Horst RL. Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis in the Dairy Cow. J Dairy Sci 1986; (69) 604-616
- 21 DeGaris PJ, Lean IJ. Milk fever in dairy cows: a review of pathophysiology and control principles. Vet J 2008; 176 (01) 58-69 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.029.
- 22 Wilkens MR, Muscher-Banse AS. Review: Regulation of gastrointestinal and renal transport of calcium and phosphorus in ruminants. Animal 2020; 14 S1 s29-s43 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731119003197.
- 23 Kumar R, Thompson JR. The regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion and synthesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22 (02) 216-224 DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2010020186.
- 24 Herm G, Muscher-Banse AS, Breves G. et al. Renal mechanisms of calcium homeostasis in sheep and goats. J Anim Sci 2015; (93) 1608-1621
- 25 Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA. Role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis and its use in prevention of bovine periparturient paresis. Acta vte. scand. 2003; 35-50
- 26 Höller H, Breves G, Kocabatmaz M. et al. Flux of calcium across the sheep rumen wall in vivo and in vitro. QJ Exp Physiol 1988; 73 (04) 609-618 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003180.
- 27 Schröder B, Rittmann I, Pfeffer E. et al. In vitro studies on calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract in small ruminants. J Comp Physiol 1997; 167 (01) 43-51 DOI: 10.1007/s003600050046.
- 28 Rosendahl J, Braun HS, Schrapers KT. et al. Evidence for the functional involvement of members of the TRP channel family in the uptake of Na(+) and NH4 (+) by the ruminal epithelium. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468 (08) 1333-1352 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1835-4.
- 29 Schröder B, Goebel W, Huber K. et al. No effect of vitamin D3 treatment on active calcium absorption across ruminal epithelium of sheep. J vet. med 2001; 48 (06) 353-363 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00369.x.
- 30 Wilkens MR, Kunert-Keil C, Brinkmeier H. et al. Expression of calcium channel TRPV6 in ovine epithelial tissue. Vet J 2009; 182 (02) 294-300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.020.
- 31 Schröder B, Vössing S, Breves G. In vitro studies on active calcium absorption from ovine rumen. J Comp Physiol 1999; 169 (07) 487-494 DOI: 10.1007/s003600050246.
- 32 Care AD, Brown RC, Farrar AR. et al. Magnesium absorption from the digestive tract of sheep. QJ Exp Physiol 1984; 69 (03) 577-587 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002844.
- 33 Oehlschlaeger V, Wilkens M, Schroeder B. et al. Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on localisation and extent of gastrointestinal calcium absorption in dairy cattle. Anim Prod Sci 2014; 54 (09) 1394 DOI: 10.1071/AN14344.
- 34 Hernández-Castellano LE, Hernandez LL, Weaver S. et al. Increased serum serotonin improves parturient calcium homeostasis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (02) 1580-1587 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11638.
- 35 Laporta J, Moore SAE, Peters MW. et al. Short communication: Circulating serotonin (5-HT) concentrations on day 1 of lactation as a potential predictor of transition-related disorders. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96 (08) 5146-5150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6718.
- 36 Laporta J, Peters TL, Weaver SR. et al. Feeding 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan during the transition from pregnancy to lactation increases calcium mobilization from bone in rats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 44 (04) 176-184 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.01.005.
- 37 Chabbi-Achengli Y, Coudert AE, Callebert J. et al. Decreased osteoclastogenesis in serotonin-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109 (07) 2567-2572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117792109.
- 38 Chapinal N, LeBlanc SJ, Carson ME. et al. Herd-level association of serum metabolites in the transition period with disease, milk production, and early lactation reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95 (10) 5676-5682 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5132.
- 39 Miltenburg CL, Duffield TF, Bienzle D. et al. Randomized clinical trial of a calcium supplement for improvement of health in dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99 (08) 6550-6562 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10961.
- 40 Reinhardt TA, Lippolis JD, McCluskey BJ. et al. Prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy herds. Vet J 2011; 188 (01) 122-124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.025.
- 41 Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH. et al. Hrsg. Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats. Bd. 2016. 11. Aufl.. Elsevier; 2016
- 42 Venjakob PL, Borchardt S, Thiele G. et al. Evaluation of ear skin temperature as a cow-side test to predict postpartum calcium status in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99 (08) 6542-6549 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10734.
- 43 Goff JP, Horst RL, Jardon PW. et al. Field Trials of an Oral Calcium Propionate Paste as an Aid to Prevent Milk Fever in Periparturient Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci 1996; 79 (03) 378-383 DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76375-0.
- 44 Caixeta LS, Ospina PA, Capel MB. et al. Association between subclinical hypocalcemia in the first 3 days of lactation and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 2017; 94: 1-7 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.039.
- 45 Roberts T, Chapinal N, LeBlanc SJ. et al. Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95 (06) 3057-3063 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4937.
- 46 Wilhelm AL, Maquivar MG, Bas S. et al. Effect of serum calcium status at calving on survival, health, and performance of postpartum Holstein cows and calves under certified organic management. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (04) 3059-3067 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11743.
- 47 McArt JAA, Neves RC. Association of transient, persistent, or delayed subclinical hypocalcemia with early lactation disease, removal, and milk yield in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103 (01) 690-701 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17191.
- 48 Kvidera SK, Horst EA, Abuajamieh M. et al. Glucose requirements of an activated immune system in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (03) 2360-2374 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12001.
- 49 Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M. et al. Effects of maintaining eucalcemia following immunoactivation in lactating Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 2020; 103 (08) 7472-7486 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18268.
- 50 Waldron MR, Nonnecke BJ, Nishida T. et al. Effect of Lipopolysaccharide Infusion on Serum Macromineral and Vitamin D Concentrations in Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86 (11) 3440-3446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73948-4.
- 51 Goff JP, Hohman A, Timms LL. Effect of subclinical and clinical hypocalcemia and dietary cation-anion difference on rumination activity in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103 (03) 2591-2601 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17581.
- 52 Neves RC, Stokol T, Bach KD. et al. Method comparison and validation of a prototype device for measurement of ionized calcium concentrations cow-side against a point-of-care instrument and a benchtop blood-gas analyzer reference method. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (02) 1334-1343 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13779.
- 53 Cook N, Oetzel G, Nordlund K. Modern techniques for monitoring high-producing dairy cows 1. Principles of herd-level diagnoses. In pract 2006; 28 (09) 510-515 DOI: 10.1136/inpract.28.9.510.
- 54 Goff JP, Horst RL. Oral Administration of Calcium Salts for Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Cattle. J Dairy Sci 1993; (76) 101-108
- 55 Goff JP. Treatment of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Balance Disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 1999; 15 (03) 619-639 DOI: 10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30167-5.
- 56 Littledike ET, Glazier D, Cook HM. Electrocardiographic changes after induced hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia in cattle: reversal of the induced arrhythmia with atropine. J Dairy Sci 1976; (37) 383-388
- 57 Braun U, Zulliger P, Liesegang A. et al. Effect of intravenous calcium borogluconate and sodium phosphate in cows with parturient paresis. Vet Rec 2009; 164 (10) 296-299 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.10.296.
- 58 Blanc CD, van der List M, Aly SS. et al. Blood calcium dynamics after prophylactic treatment of subclinical hypocalcemia with oral or intravenous calcium. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97 (11) 6901-6906 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7927.
- 59 Wilms J, Wang G, Doelman J. et al. Intravenous calcium infusion in a calving protocol disrupts calcium homeostasis compared with an oral calcium supplement. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102 (07) 6056-6064 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15754.
- 60 Oetzel GR. Rational treatments for mineral disorders in fresh cows. Am Assoc Bov Pract (Proceedings of the Annual Conference) 2020; 92-101 DOI: 10.21423/aabppro20207977.
- 61 Mullen PA. Milk fever: a case against polypharmacy solutions. Vet Rec 1977; 101 (20) 405-407 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101.20.405.
- 62 Doze JG, Donders R, van der Kolk JH. Effects of intravenous administration of two volumes of calcium solution on plasma ionized calcium concentration and recovery from naturally occurring hypocalcemia in lactating dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233 (07) 1130 DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.7.1130.
- 63 Curtis RA, Cote MC. McLennan, et al. Relationship of methods of treatment of relapse rate and serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in parturient hypocalcemia. Can Vet J 1978; (19) 155-158
- 64 Mullen PA. Clinical and biochemical responses to the treatment of milk fever. Vet Rec 1975; (97) 87-92
- 65 Thilsing-Hansen T, Jørgensen RJ, Østergaard S. Milk fever control principles: A review. Acta vet scand 2002; 43: 1-19
- 66 Oetzel GR. Oral calcium supplementation in peripartum dairy cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 29 (02) 447-455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.03.006.
- 67 Goings RL, Jacobson NL, Beitz DC. et al. Prevention of Parturient Paresis by a Prepartum, Calcium-Deficient Diet. J Dairy Sci 1974; 1184-1188
- 68 Wiggers KD, Nelson DK, Jacobson NL. Prevention of Parturient Paresis by a Low-Calcium Diet Prepartum: A Field Study. J Dairy Sci 1975; (58) 430-431
- 69 Green HB, Horst RL, Beitz DC. et al. Vitamin D Metabolites in Plasma of Cows Fed a Prepartum Low-Calcium Diet for Prevention of Parturient Hypocalcemia1. J Dairy Sci 1981; (64) 217-226
- 70 Barton BA, Jorgensen NA, DeLuca HF. Impact of Prepartum Dietary Phosphorus Intake on Calcium Homeostasis at Parturition. J Dairy Sci 1987; 70 (06) 1186-1191 DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80130-3.
- 71 Cohrs I, Wilkens MR, Grünberg W. Short communication: Effect of dietary phosphorus deprivation in late gestation and early lactation on the calcium homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (10) 9591-9598 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14642.
- 72 Wächter S, Cohrs I, Golbeck L. et al. Effects of restricted dietary phosphorus supply to dry cows on periparturient calcium status. J Dairy Sci 2021; DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20726.
- 73 Thilsing-Hansen T, Jørgensen RJ, Enemark J. et al. The Effect of Zeolite A Supplementation in the Dry Period on Periparturient Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85 (07) 1855-1862 DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74259-8.
- 74 Kerwin AL, Ryan CM, Leno BM. et al. Effects of feeding synthetic zeolite A during the prepartum period on serum mineral concentration, oxidant status, and performance of multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102 (06) 5191-5207 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16272.
- 75 Konishi C, Matsui T, Park W. et al. Heat treatment of soybean meal and rapeseed meal suppresses rumen degradation of phytate phosphorus in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci and Technol 1999; 80 (02) 115-122 DOI: 10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00044-9.
- 76 Bravo D, Meschy F, Bogaert C. et al. Effects of fungal phytase addition, formaldehyde treatment and dietary concentrate content on ruminal phosphorus availability. Anim Feed Sci and Technol 2002; 99 1–4 73-95 DOI: 10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00343-1.
- 77 Martin-Tereso J. Rumen-protected rice bran to induce the adaption of calcium metabolism in dairy cows [Thesis]. Wageningen: 2010
- 78 Martín-Tereso J, Martens H, Deiner C. et al. Pre-calving feeding of rumen-protected rice bran to multiparous dairy cows improves recovery of calcaemia after calving. J Dairy Res 2016; 83 (03) 281-288 DOI: 10.1017/S002202991600039X.
- 79 Gürtler H, Seidel H, Liebaug E. Prophylaxe der Gebärparese der Milchkuh durch Verabreichen hoher Dosen Vitamin D3. Monatshefte Veterinärmedizin 1977; 32: 664-668
- 80 Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF. Bone mineral mobilization activity of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 146 (02) 574-578 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90163-9.
- 81 Brumbaugh PF, Haussler MR. lα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor: competitive binding of vitamin D analogs. Life Sci 1973; 13 (12) 1737-1746 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90120-3.
- 82 Littledike ET, Horst RL. Vitamin D3 Toxicity in Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 1982; 65: 749-759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022–0302(82)82263–7.
- 83 Hodnik JJ, Ježek J, Starič J. A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle. J Dairy Res 2020; 87 S1 84-87 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029920000424.
- 84 Venjakob PL, Bauerfeind L, Staufenbiel R. et al. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a prepartum cholecalciferol injection on postpartum serum calcium dynamics and health and performance in early lactating multiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2021 (in Press)
- 85 Block E. Manipulating Dietary Anions and Cations for Prepartum Dairy Cows to Reduce Incidence of Milk Fever1. J Dairy Sci 1984; (67) 2939-2948
- 86 Constable PD. Acid-base assessment: when and how to apply the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and strong ion difference theory. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30 (02) 295-316 v DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.03.001.
- 87 Goff JP. The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Vet J 2008; 176 (01) 50-57 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.020.
- 88 Vieira-Neto A, Santos JEP. Feeding prepartum cows for better health during transition into lactation. 2021
- 89 Goff JP, Horst RL. Effects of the Addition of Potassium or Sodium, but Not Calcium, to Prepartum Rations on Milk Fever in Dairy Cows1. J Dairy Sci 1997; (80) 176-186
- 90 Gould DH, McAlister MM, Savage JC. et al. High sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid associated with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia. Am J Vet Resw 1991; (52) 1164-1169
- 91 Lean IJ, Santos JEP, Block E. et al. Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference intake on production and health of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102 (03) 2103-2133 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14769.
- 92 Santos JEP, Lean IJ, Golder H. et al. Meta-analysis of the effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference on performance and health of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102 (03) 2134-2154 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14628.
- 93 Lopera C, Zimpel R, Vieira-Neto A. et al. Effects of level of dietary cation-anion difference and duration of prepartum feeding on performance and metabolism of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (09) 7907-7929 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14580.
- 94 Chebel RC. Associations between days on close-up diets and immune responses prepartum, metabolites peripartum, and risk of postpartum diseases in Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104 (06) 7135-7153 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19700.
- 95 Vieira-Neto A, Duarte GA, Zimpel R. et al. Days in the prepartum group are associated with subsequent performance in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104 (05) 5964-5978 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18889.
- 96 Megahed AA, Hiew MW, El Badawy S.. et al. Plasma calcium concentrations are decreased at least 9 hours before parturition in multiparous Holstein-Friesian cattle in a herd fed an acidogenic diet during late gestation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (02) 1365-1378 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13376.
- 97 Goff JP. Macromineral disorders of the transition cow. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20 (03) 471-494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2004.06.003.
- 98 Wentink GH, van den Ingh TSGAM. Oral andministration of calcium chloride-containing products: Testing for deleterious side-effects. Vet Quart 1992; (14) 76-80 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.1992.9694334.
- 99 Oetzel GR, Miller BE. Effect of oral calcium bolus supplementation on early-lactation health and milk yield in commercial dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95 (12) 7051-7065 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5510.
- 100 Leno BM, Neves RC, Louge IM. et al. Differential effects of a single dose of oral calcium based on postpartum plasma calcium concentration in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101 (04) 3285-3302 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13164.
- 101 Pinedo P, Velez J, Solano G. et al. Effect of oral calcium administration on the cure and reproductive performance of Holstein cows diagnosed with puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (04) 2917-2927 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11577.
- 102 Domino AR, Korzec HC, McArt JAA. Field trial of 2 calcium supplements on early lactation health and production in multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100 (12) 9681-9690 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12885.
- 103 Martinez N, Sinedino LDP, Bisinotto RS. et al. Effects of oral calcium supplementation on mineral and acid-base status, energy metabolites, and health of postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99 (10) 8397-8416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10527.
- 104 Martinez N, Sinedino LDP, Bisinotto RS. et al. Effects of oral calcium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99 (10) 8417-8430 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10529.
- 105 Amanlou H, Akbari AP, Farsuni NE. et al. Effects of subcutaneous calcium administration at calving on mineral status, health, and production of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99 (11) 9199-9210 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10844.