Download PDF
Z Gastroenterol 2017; 55(05): 479-489
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-104781
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Ascariasis imaging: pictorial essay

Ascariasis, ein Bildatlas
Christoph F Dietrich
1   Department of Internal Medicine 2, Caritas Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
2   Sino-German Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
,
Malay Sharma
3   Jaypee Hospital Noida, India
4   Jaswantrai Speciality Hospital Meerut, India
,
Nitin Chaubal
5   Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
6   Thane Ultrasound Centre, Thane, India
,
Yi Dong
7   Yi Dong, Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
,
Xin-Wu Cui
8   Xin-Wu Cui, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
,
Markus Schindler-Piontek
1   Department of Internal Medicine 2, Caritas Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
,
Joachim Richter
9   Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
,
Maija Radzina
10   Riga Stradins university, Head of Radiology Research laboratory, Diagnostic Radiology Institute, Paula Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
,
Fayez Sandouk
11   Gi Specialty center, Damaskus, Syria
12   Gi Department Alkafeel Specialty Hospital, Karbalaa, Iraq
,
Torsten Kucharzik
13   Department of Gastroenterology, Lüneburg Hospital, Germany
,
Dagmar Schreiber-Dietrich
14   Department of Pediatrics, Caritas-Krankenhaus, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

08 January 2017

21 February 2017

Publication Date:
12 May 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Ascariasis is not widespread in Europe, and the knowledge on how to diagnose and treat the disease is limited to some specialists. On the other hand, clinicians are facing an increasing number of immigrants from high-prevalence countries and are, therefore, challenged to update in this field of infectious diseases. Here we present current knowledge on this infection in 2 parts. The first part discusses clinical features and hot topics in ascariasis, and the second part presents imaging features of ascariasis as a pictorial essay.

Zusammenfassung

Die Ascariasis (Spulwurminfektion) ist in Deutschland und Europa weder weit verbreitet noch ist das Wissen zur Diagnostik und Therapie Allgemeingut. In der heutigen Zeit werden wir aber durch Immigranten und Flüchtlinge immer häufiger mit parasitären und Wurmerkrankungen durch Patienten aus Endemie-Gebieten konfrontiert. Mit dieser zweiteiligen Arbeit stellen wir im ersten Teil das aktuelle Grundlagenwissen und die klinischen Fragestellungen vor und im zweiten Teil zeigen wir typische bildgebende Befunde.

Key words

guidelines - parasites - contrast-enhanced ultrasound - elastography

Schlüsselwörter

Leitlinien - Parasiten - Kontrastmittelsonographie - Elastographie
 

  • References

  • 1 Dietrich CF. Lorentzen T. Appelbaum L. et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part III – abdominal treatment procedures (short version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 27-45
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Dietrich CF. Lorentzen T. Appelbaum L. et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part III – abdominal treatment procedures (long version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: E1-E32
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Dietrich CF. Cui XW. Chiorean L. et al. Local ablative procedures of the liver. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 579-590
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Dietrich CF. Chiorean L. Potthoff A. et al. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of liver and renal cysts, comments on the EFSUMB guidelines. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 155-166
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Dietrich CF. Nuernberg D. Interventional Ultrasound. A Practical Guide and Atlas. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Richter J. Azoulay D. Dong Y. et al. Ultrasonography of gallbladder abnormalities due to schistosomiasis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115: 2917-2924
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Richter J. Botelho MC. Holtfreter MC. et al. Ultrasound assessment of schistosomiasis. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 653-660
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Dietrich CF. Kabaalioglu A. Brunetti E. et al. Fasciolosis. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 285-290
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Dietrich CF. Brunner V. Seifert H. et al. [Intestinal B-mode sonography in patients with endemic sprue. Intestinal sonography in endemic sprue]. Ultraschall in Med 1999; 20: 242-247
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Dietrich CF. Lembcke B. Jenssen C. et al. Intestinal ultrasound in rare gastrointestinal diseases, update, part 1. Ultraschall in Med 2014; 35: 400-421
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Dietrich CF. Lembcke B. Jenssen C. et al. Intestinal ultrasound in rare gastrointestinal diseases, update, part 2. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 428-456
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dietrich CF. Brunner V. Lembcke B. [Intestinal ultrasound in rare small and large intestinal diseases]. Z.Gastroenterol 1998; 36: 955-970
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 EFSUMB Course Book on Ultrasound. Dietrich CF. London: EFSUMB; 2012
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Pullan RL. Smith JL. Jasrasaria R. et al. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7: 37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lenk EJ. Redekop WK. Luyendijk M. et al. Productivity loss related to neglected tropical diseases eligible for preventive chemotherapy: a systematic literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10: e0004397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Ahmed A. Al-Mekhlafi HM. Azam MN. et al. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a critical but neglected factor influencing school participation of Aboriginal children in rural Malaysia. Parasitology 2012; 139: 802-808
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Taylor-Robinson DC. Maayan N. Soares-Weiser K. et al. Deworming drugs for soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on nutritional indicators, haemoglobin, and school performance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 7: CD000371
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Mukhopadhyay M. Biliary ascariasis in the Indian subcontinent: a study of 42 cases. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 121-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Malde HM. Chadha D. Roundworm obstruction: sonographic diagnosis. Abdom Imaging 1993; 18: 274-276
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Suthar PP. Doshi RP. Mehta C. et al. Incidental detection of ascariasis worms on USG in a protein energy malnourished (PEM) child with abdominal pain. BMJ Case Rep 12.03.2015; DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206668.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Umetsu S. Sogo T. Iwasawa K. et al. Intestinal ascariasis at pediatric emergency room in a developed country. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 14058-14062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Filice C. Marchi L. Meloni C. et al. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of gallbladder ascariasis. Abdom Imaging 1995; 20: 320-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Danaci M. Belet U. Selcuk MB. et al. Ascariasis of the gallbladder: radiological evaluation and follow-up. Pediatr Radiol 1999; 29: 80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Rauniyar RK. Agrawal CS. Baboo S. et al. Live ascariasis of gall bladder and bile duct: clinical and radiological features. Trop Doct 2004; 34: 46-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Arya PK. Kukreti R. Arya M. et al. Magnetic resonance appearance of gall bladder ascariasis. Indian J Med Sci 2005; 59: 208-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Lynser D. Marbaniang E. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis-sonographic pictorial essay on four pediatric cases with acute biliary colic. Emerg Radiol 2016; 23: 197-200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Khanduri S. Parashari UC. Agrawal D. et al. Ascariasis of gallbladder: a rare case report and a review of the literature. Trop Doct 2014; 44: 50-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Khuroo MS. Zargar SA. Yattoo GN. et al. Sonographic findings in gallbladder ascariasis. J Clin Ultrasound 1992; 20: 587-591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Sandouk F. Haffar S. Zada MM. et al. Pancreatic-biliary ascariasis: experience of 300 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 2264-2267
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Khuroo MS. Zargar SA. Biliary ascariasis. A common cause of biliary and pancreatic disease in an endemic area. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 418-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Khuroo MS. Mahajan R. Zargar SA. et al. Prevalence of biliary tract disease in India: a sonographic study in adult population in Kashmir. Gut 1989; 30: 201-205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Khuroo MS. Rather AA. Khuroo NS. et al. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 7507-7517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Sharma M. Echogenic shadow in the common bile duct. Diagnosis: biliary ascariasis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: e14-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Dietrich CF. Chichakli M. Hirche TO. et al. Sonographic findings of the hepatobiliary-pancreatic system in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 409-416
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Dietrich CF. Rudd L. The EFSUMB website, a guide for better understanding. Med Ultrason 2013; 15: 215-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Dietrich CF. Sharma M. Gibson RN. et al. Fortuitously discovered liver lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3173-3188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Dietrich CF. EFSUMB guidelines 2015 on interventional ultrasound. Med Ultrason 2015; 17: 521-527
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Dietrich CF. Sharma M. Hocke M. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound. Endosc Ultrasound 2012; 1: 130-136
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Dietrich CF. Cui XW. Boozari B. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnostic algorithm of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma, comments on the AASLD guidelines. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S57-S66
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Dietrich CF. Cui XW. Barreiros AP. et al. EFSUMB guidelines 2011: comment on emergent indications and visions. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S39-S47
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Dietrich CF. Cui XW. Schreiber-Dietrich DG. et al. EFSUMB guidelines 2011: comments and illustrations. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33 (Suppl. 01) S11-S21
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Claudon M. Dietrich CF. Choi BI. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 187-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Claudon M. Dietrich CF. Choi BI. et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver--update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 11-29
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Lynser D. Handique A. Daniala C. et al. Sonographic images of hepato-pancreatico-biliary and intestinal ascariasis: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging 2015; 6: 641-646
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Wu S. Sonographic findings of Ascaris lumbricoides in the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts. Ultrasound Q 2009; 25: 207-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Khuroo MS. Zargar SA. Mahajan R. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis in India. Lancet 1990; 335: 1503-1506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Khuroo MS. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2001; 20 (Suppl. 01) C28-C32
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Khuroo MS. Zargar SA. Yattoo GN. et al. Worm extraction and biliary drainage in hepatobiliary and pancreatic ascariasis. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 680-685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Cui XW. Ignee A. Braden B. et al. Biliary papillomatosis and new ultrasound imaging modalities. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50: 226-231
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Schulman A. Loxton AJ. Heydenrych JJ. et al. Sonographic diagnosis of biliary ascariasis. Am J Roentgenol 1982; 139: 485-489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Singh SP. Misra D. Mohapatra MK. et al. Ultrasonographic demonstration of inner tube sign: a tropical dilemma. Trop Gastroenterol 2015; 36: 68-70
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Chauhan V. Thakur S. Rana B. Ascariasis as a cause of hepatic abscess: a report of 3 cases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33: 427-429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Javid G. Wani NA. Gulzar GM. et al. Ascaris-induced liver abscess. World J Surg 1999; 23: 1191-1194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Somani P. Sharma M. Pathak A. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound imaging of pancreatic duct ascariasis. Endoscopy 2016; 48 (Suppl. 01) E33-E34
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Sharma M. Somani P. Patil A. Double trouble in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 833-834
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Sandouk F. Anand BS. Graham DY. The whirlpool jet technique for removal of pancreatic duct ascaris. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 46: 180-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 de Silva NR. Guyatt HL. Bundy DA. Morbidity and mortality due to Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 31-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 de Silva NR. Guyatt HL. Bundy DA. Worm burden in intestinal obstruction caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. Trop Med Int Health 1997; 2: 189-190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Hoffmann H. Kawooya M. Esterre P. et al. In vivo and in vitro studies on the sonographical detection of Ascaris lumbricoides. Pediatr Radiol 1997; 27: 226-229
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Meckler U. Hollerweger A. Dietrich CF. Sonografische Differenzialdiagnose. Krankheiten des Gastrointestinaltraktes. Systematischer Atlas. Cologne: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 61 Hollerweger A. Dietrich CF. ["White bowel". A sonographic sign of intestinal lymph edema?]. Ultraschall in Med 2005; 26: 127-133
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Hollerweger A. Macheiner P. Dirks K. et al. [Differential diagnosis of severe hypoechoic oedema of the small bowel]. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27: 234-239
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Wang P. Li RZ. Huang ZY. et al. [Report on 16 cases of small intestine ascariasis diagnosed by capsule endoscopy]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2013; 31: 242-243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Phisalprapa P. Prachayakul V. Ascariasis as an unexpected cause of acute pancreatitis with cholangitis: a rare case report from urban area. JOP 2013; 14: 88-91
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Taj MA. Leghari A. Qureshi S. et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a therapeutic modality in children and adolescents. J Pak Med Assoc 2012; 62: 98-101
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Khuroo MS. Zargar SA. Yattoo GN. et al. Ascaris-induced acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 1335-1338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Ibrarullah M. Mishra T. Dash AP. et al. Biliary ascariasis--role of endoscopic intervention. Trop Gastroenterol 2011; 32: 210-213
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Jenssen C. Hocke M. Fusaroli P. et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part IV – EUS-guided interventions: general aspects and EUS-guided sampling (long version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: E33-E76
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Jenssen C. Hocke M. Fusaroli P. et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part IV – EUS-guided interventions: general aspects and EUS-guided sampling (short version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 157-169
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Jenssen C. Dietrich CF. Burmester E. [Malignant neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract--endosonographic staging revisited]. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49: 357-368
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Jenssen C. Dietrich CF. [Ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound of the adrenal glands]. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31: 228-247
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Fusaroli P. Jenssen C. Hocke M. et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part V. Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 77-99
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Fusaroli P. Jenssen C. Hocke M. et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound (INVUS), part V – EUS-guided therapeutic interventions (short version). Ultraschall in Med 2016; 37: 412-420
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Dietrich CF. Sahai A. D'Onofrio M. et al. Differential diagnosis of small solid pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 933-940
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Dietrich CF. Wehrmann T. Hoffmann C. et al. Detection of the adrenal glands by endoscopic or transabdominal ultrasound. Endoscopy 1997; 29: 859-864
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Dietrich CF. Jenssen C. Herth FJ. Endobronchial ultrasound elastography. Endosc Ultrasound 2016; 5: 233-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Dietrich CF. Jenssen C. Arcidiacono PG. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound: elastographic lymph node evaluation. Endosc Ultrasound 2015; 4: 176-190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Dietrich CF. Hocke M. Jenssen C. [Interventional endosonography]. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: 8-22
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Sharma M. Shoukat A. Kirnake V. et al. Idiopathic acute pancreatitis: role of EUS with reference to biliary and pancreatic cscariasis. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 1367-1369
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Sharma M. Pathak A. Bansal S. Dead worm in common bile duct. Trop Gastroenterol 2011; 32: 343-345
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Sharma M. Mookiah B. Hari RS. Double duct sign in a 3-year-old child. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: e6-e7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Sakai S. Shida Y. Takahashi N. et al. Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 1697-1702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Sakakibara A. Baba K. Niwa S. et al. Visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum which presented with eosinophilic pneumonia and multiple intra-hepatic lesions with severe eosinophil infiltration--outbreak in a Japanese area other than Kyushu. Intern Med 2002; 41: 574-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Das CJ. Kumar J. Debnath J. et al. Imaging of ascariasis. Australas Radiol 2007; 51: 500-506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Deprez FC. Pauls C. Puttemans T. CT imaging of Ascaris lumbricoides. JBR-BTR 2010; 93: 227
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Azevedo SiasS. Oliveira CaetanoR. Dutra ComarellaJ. et al. Successful treatment of lipoid pneumonia associated with bowel obstruction by Ascaris lumbricoides. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57: 269-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Gipson K. Avery R. Shah H. et al. Löffler syndrome on a Louisiana pig farm. Respir Med Case Rep 2016; 19: 128-131
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Martinez S. Restrepo CS. Carrillo JA. et al. Thoracic manifestations of tropical parasitic infections: a pictorial review. Radiographics 2005; 25: 135-155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Dietrich CF. Mathis G. Cui XW. et al. Ultrasound of the pleurae and lungs. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015; 41: 351-365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Dietrich CF. Annema JT. Clementsen P. et al. Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum, part I: endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and transcutaneous mediastinal ultrasound (TMUS), introduction into ultrasound techniques. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: E311-E325
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Jenssen C. Annema JT. Clementsen P. et al. Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum, part 2: mediastinal lymph node anatomy and diagnostic reach of ultrasound techniques, clinical work up of neoplastic and inflammatory mediastinal lymphadenopathy using ultrasound techniques and how to learn mediastinal endosonography. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: E439-E458
    Google Scholar
  • 92 Dietrich CF. Mathis G. Blaivas M. et al. Lung B-line artefacts and their use. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8: 1356-1365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Jenssen C. Annema JT. Zels K. et al. Endosonografische Evaluierung von Lunge und Mediastinum. EndHeu 2014; 27: 37-44
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Izumikawa K. Kohno Y. Izumikawa K. et al. Eosinophilic pneumonia due to visceral larva migrans possibly caused by Ascaris suum: a case report and review of recent literatures. Jpn J Infect Dis 2011; 64: 428-432
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Tay KV. Teo JY. Education and imaging. Gastrointestinal: incidental findings of Ascaris lumbricoides in patient presenting with ureteric colic. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 1127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Akata D. Ozmen MN. Kaya A. et al. Radiological findings of intraparenchymal liver Ascaris (hepatobiliary ascariasis). Eur Radiol 1999; 9: 93-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Mittal G. Gupta R. Mittal P. Magnetic resonance demonstration of gall bladder ascariasis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2012; 31: 42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Ding ZX. Yuan JH. Chong V. et al. 3 T MR cholangiopancreatography appearances of biliary ascariasis. Clin Radiol 2011; 66: 275-277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Hashmi MA. De JK. Biliary ascariasis on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. J Glob Infect Dis 2009; 1: 144-145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Hwang CM. Kim TK. Ha HK. et al. Biliary ascariasis: MR cholangiography findings in two cases. Korean J Radiol 2001; 2: 175-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Keiser J. Utzinger J. Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 299: 1937-1948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Vercruysse J. Behnke JM. Albonico M. et al. Assessment of the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in school children in seven countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5: e948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Legesse M. Erko B. Medhin G. Efficacy of alebendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of Ascaris and Trichuris infections. Ethiop Med J 2002; 40: 335-343
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Legesse M. Erko B. Medhin G. Comparative efficacy of albendazole and three brands of mebendazole in the treatment of ascariasis and trichuriasis. East Afr Med J 2004; 81: 134-138
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Samuel F. Degarege A. Erko B. Efficacy and side effects of albendazole currently in use against Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm among school children in Wondo Genet, southern Ethiopia. Parasitol Int 2014; 63: 450-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar