Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.12687/phleb2161-1-2014
1st Mexican Sclerotherapy Consensus
Article in several languages: deutsch | EnglishPublication History
Received:
01 August 2013
Accepted:
05 August 2013
Publication Date:
04 January 2018 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00034913/201401/lookinside/thumbnails/10-12687-phleb-2161-1-2014_de-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Sklerotherapie existiert seit 1516 und ist eine anerkannte Therapie, die weltweit zum Einsatz kommt. Mexikanische Ärzte nahmen an vielen Konsensen teil, um mannigfaltige Absprachen, Referenzen, Methoden und Verfahren zusammenzutragen, die zur Erstel-lung eines solchen Dokuments universelle Akzeptanz finden, u.a. den European Consensus of Sclerotherapy 2003 und dessen letzte Auflage aus dem Jahre 2006, den argentinischen und lateinamerikanischen Konsensus 2012 sowie verschiedene Quellen der Fachliteratur.
Zielsetzung: Unter Berücksichtigung der weltweit anerkannten Fachliteratur und der Erfahrungen von Sklerose-Experten wurde ein Dokument entwickelt, das Konzepte, Prioritäten, Unterschiede und Variationen im Hinblick auf Diagnose, Einsatz, Therapie und andere Themen im Zusammenhang mit Sklerotherapie vereint. Damit soll eine unter akademischen, medizinischen, rechtlichen und praktischen Gesichtspunkten wertvolle Informationsquelle geschaffen werden.
Methode: Folgende Punkte wurden berücksichtigt: Indikationen, Kontraindikationen, Arten von Sklerosierungsmitteln und verwendete Konzentrationen, Lage des Patienten, Verabreichungsweg, Vorbereitung und Konservierung von Sklerosierungsmitteln, erforderliche Instrumente, Injektionsvolumina, Verabreichungsparameter, Kompression und besondere Hinweise.
Die vorhandene Literatur wurde konsultiert hinsichtlich der abgehandelten Themen. Es wurde ein Expertengremium zusammengestellt, das eigene Erfahrungsberichte zur Verfügung stellte. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden Antworten in Form klinischer Richtlinien formuliert oder allgemeine Empfehlungen abgegeben und Betrachtungen zur Variabilität der Konzepte zum Ausdruck gebracht, um konkrete Antworten auf die spezifischen Fragen zu bieten. Außerdem wird ein Abschnitt mit Betrachtungen integriert, in dem mögliche anerkannte Varianten zu jeder einzelnen Fragestellung erklärt werden. Im Haupttext wird der 100%ige Konsens bezüglich einer Thematik dargestellt, während die blauem Balken von Experten vorgeschlagene Varian-ten aufzeigen. Da die aufgeführten Punkte vor dem Hintergrund von in Mexiko verfügbaren Substanzen diskutiert werden, werden nicht alle Sklerosierungsmittel oder Instrumente besprochen.
-
References
- 1 Alos J, Carreno P, Lopez JA. et al. Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy using polidocanol foam: a controlled clinical trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 31: 101-107.
- 2 Beckitt T, Elstone A, Ashley S. Air versus physiological gas for ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy treatment of varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42: 115-119.
- 3 Bergan JJ, Weiss RA, Goldman MP. Extensive tissue necrosis following high concentration sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 535-542.
- 4 Bidwai A, Beresford T, Dialynas M, Prionidis J, Panayiotopoulos Y, Bowne TF. Balloon control of the saphenofemoral junction during foam sclero-therapy: proposed innovation. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46: 145-147.
- 5 Bihari I, Magyar E. Reasons for ulceration after injection treatment of telangiectasia. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 133-136.
- 6 Bihari I, Tasnadi G, Bihari P. Importance of subfascial collaterals in deep-vein malformations. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 146-149.
- 7 Blaise S, Bosson JL, Diamand JM. Ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein with 1% vs. 3% polidocanol foam: a multicentre doubleblind randomised trial with 3-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39: 779-786.
- 8 Blaise S, Charavin-Cocuzza M, Riom H. et al. Treatment of low-flow vascular malformations by ultrasoundguided sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam: 24 cases and literature review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41: 412-417.
- 9 Blomgren L, Johansson G, Bergquist D. Randomized clinical trial of routine preoperative duplex imaging before varicose vein surgery. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 688-694.
- 10 Bradbury AW, Bate G, Pang K, Darvall KA, Adam DJ. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is a safe and clinically effective treatment for superficial venous reflux. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52: 939-945.
- 11 Breu FX, Guggenbichler S, Wollmann JC. 2nd European Consensus Meeting on Foam Sclero-therapy, 28–30 April 2006, Tegernsee, Germany. Vasa 2008; 37 (Suppl. 71) 1-32.
- 12 Brodersen JP. Catheter-assisted vein sclerotherapy: a new approach for sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein with a double-lumen balloon catheter. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: 469-475.
- 13 Brunken A, Rabe E, Pannier F. Changes in venous function after foam sclerotherapy of varicose veins. Phlebology 2009; 24: 145-150.
- 14 Bullens-Goessens YIJM, Mentink LF. et al. Ultra-soundguided sclerotherapy of the insufficient short saphenous vein. Phlebologie Germany 2004; 33: 89-91.
- 15 Busch RG, Derrick M, Manjoney D. Major neurological events following foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology 2008; 23: 189-192.
- 16 Asbjornsen CB. et al. Middle cerebral air embolism after foam sclerotherapy Phlebology. 2012; 27: 430-433.
- 17 Caggiati A, Franceschini M. Stroke following endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51: 218-220.
- 18 Cavezzi A, Parsi K. Complications of foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology 2012; 27 (Suppl. 01) 46-51.
- 19 Cavezzi A, Tessari L. Foam sclerotherapy techniques: different gases and methods of preparation, catheter versus direct injection. Phlebology 2009; 24: 247-251.
- 20 Cavezzi A, Frullini A, Ricci S, Tessari L. Treatment of varicose veins by foam sclerotherapy: two clinical series. Phlebology 2002; 17: 13-18.
- 21 Ceulen RPM, Bullens-Goessens YIJM, Pi-Van De Venne SJA. Outcomes and side effects of duplex-guided sclerotherapy in the treatment of great saphenous veins with 1% versus 3% Polidocanol foam: results of a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Dermatol Surg 2007; 33: 276-281.
- 22 Ceulen RPM, Jagtmann EA, Sommer A, Teule GJJ, Schurink GWH, Kemerink GJ. Blocking the saphenafemoral junction during ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy – assessment of a presumed safety-measure procedure. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40: 772-776.
- 23 Chapman-Smith P, Browne A. Prospective five year study of ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy in the treatment of great saphenous vein re-flux. Phlebology 2009; 24: 183-188.
- 24 Chen C-H, Chiu C-S, Yang C-H. Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for treating incompetent great saphenous veins results of 5 years of analysis and morphologic evolvement study. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 851-857.
- 25 Coleridge Smith P. Chronic venous disease treated by ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32: 577-583.
- 26 Coleridge Smith P. Sclerotherapy and foam sclero-therapy for varicose veins. Phlebology 2009; 24: 260-269.
- 27 Coleridge-Smith P, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Myers K, Nicolaides A and Cavezzi A. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs – UIP consensus document. Part I. Basic principles. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 31: 83-92.
- 28 Darvall KA, Bate GR, Adam DJ, Silverman SH and Bradbury AW. Duplex ultrasound outcomes following ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy of symptomatic recurrent great saphenous varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42: 107-114.
- 29 Darvall KAL, Sam RC, Bate GR, Adam DJ, Bradbury AW. Photoplethysmographic venous refilling.
- 30 De Laney MC, Bowe CT, Higgins GLIII. Acute stroke from air embolism after leg Sclerotherapy. West J Emerg Med 2010; 11: 397
- 31 De Maeseneer M, Pichot O, Cavezzi A. et al. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins of the lower limbs after treatment for varicose veins – UIP consensus document. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42: 89-102.
- 32 De Roos KP, Groen L, Leenders AC. Foam sclerotherapy: investigating the need for sterile air. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37: 1119-1124.
- 33 De Waard MM, Der Kinderen DJ. Duplex ultrasonographyguided foam sclerotherapy of incompetent perforator veins in a patient with bilateral venous leg ulcers. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 580-583.
- 34 Deichman B, Blum G. Cerebrovascular accident after sclerotherapy. Phlebologie 1995; 24: 148-152.
- 35 Kanter A, Thibault P. Saphenofemoral junction incompetence treated by ultrasound-guided sclero-therapy. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22: 648-652.
- 36 DL50 Sotradecol literature. (bioniche pharma group)
- 37 Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Goltz RW. et al. Guidelines of care for sclerotherapy treatment of varicose and teleangiectatic leg veins. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 523-528.
- 38 Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Iwasaka S. Comparative study of duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy and duplex-guided liquid sclerotherapy for the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30 (05) 718-722. discussion 722. 20.
- 39 Fabi SG, Peterson JD, Goldman MP, Guiha I. An investigation of coagulation cascade activation and induction of fibrinolysis using foam sclero-therapy of reticular veins. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 367-372.
- 40 Feied CF, Jackson JJ, Bren TS. et al. Allergic reactions to polidocanol for vein sclerosis. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20: 466-468.
- 41 Ferrara E, Bernbach HR. Efficacite` de la sclerotherapie a` la mousse en fonction de l’aiguille utilisee`. Phlébologie Ann Vasc 2005; 58: 229-234.
- 42 Ferrara F, Bernbach HR. La compression écho-guide é aprés sclérothérapie. Phlébologie 2009; 62: 36-41.
- 43 Morrison N, Neuhardt DL, Rogers CR. et al. Comparisons of side effects using air and carbon dioxide foam for endovenous chemical ablation. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47: 830-836.
- 44 Forlee MV, Grouden M, Moore DJ, Shanik G. Stroke after varicose vein foam injection sclero-therapy. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43: 162-164.
- 45 Sukovatykh BS, Rodionov OA, Sukovatykh MB, Khodykin SP. Diagnosis and treatment of atypical forms of varicose disease of pelvic veins. Vestn Khir Im II Grek 2008; 167: 43-45.
- 46 Franco G. Explorations ultrasonographiques des récidives variqueuses post-chirurgicales. Phlébologie 1998; 51: 403-413.
- 47 Frullini A, Barsotti MC, Santoni T, Duranti E, Burchielli S, Di Stefano R. Significant endothelin release in patients treated with foam sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 741-747.
- 48 Frullini A, Felice F, Burchielli S, Di Stefano R. High production of endothelin after foam sclero-therapy: a new pathogenetic hypothesis for neurological and visual disturbances after sclerotherapy. Phlebology 2011; 26: 203-208.
- 49 Gachet G, Spini L. Sclérothérapie des varices sous anticoagulants. Phlébologie 2002; 55: 41-44.
- 50 Georgiev MJ. Postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentations: a one-year follow-up. Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990; 16: 608-610.
- 51 Geukens J, Rabe E and Bieber T. Embolia cutis medicamentosa of the foot after sclerotherapy. Eur J Dermatol 1999; 9: 132-133.
- 52 Gillet JL, Donnet A, Lausecker M, Guedes JM, Guex JJ, Lehmann P. Pathophysiology of visual disturbances occurring after foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology 2010; 25: 261-266.
- 53 Gillet JL, Guedes JM, Guex JJ. et al. Side-effects and complications of foam sclerotherapy of the great and small saphenous veins: a controlled multicentre prospective study including 1025 patients. Phlebology 2009; 24: 86
- 54 Gillet JL, Guedes JM, Guex JJ. et al. Side effects and complications of foam sclerotherapy of the great and small saphenous veins: a controlled multi-centre prospective study including 1025 patients. Phlebology 2009; 24: 131-138.
- 55 Gillet JL. Neurological complications of foam sclerotherapy: fears and reality. Phlebology 2011; 26: 277-279.
- 56 Gohel MS, Epstein DM, Davies AH. Cost-effectiveness of traditional and endovenous treatments for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1815-1823.
- 57 Goldman MP, Sadick NS, Weiss RA. Cutaneous necrosis, telangiectatic matting and hyper-pigmentation following sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg 1995; 21: 19-29.
- 58 Goldman PM, Beaudoing D, Marley W. et al. Compression in the treatment of leg telangiectasia: a preliminary report. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990; 16: 322-325.
- 59 Grommes J, Franzen EL, Binnebosel M. et al. Inadvertent arterial injection using catheter-assisted sclerotherapy resulting in ... Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 1-3.
- 60 Grondin L, Young R, Wouters L. Sclérothérapie écho-guidée et sécurité: Comparaison des techniques. Phlebologie 1997; 50: 241-5.
- 61 Guex JJ, Allaert F-A, Gillet J-L. Immediate and midterm complications of sclerotherapy: report of a prospective multicenter registry of 12,173 sclero-therapy sessions. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 123-8.
- 62 Guex JJ, Hamel-Desnos C, Gillet JL, Chleir F, Perrin M. Sclérothérapie des varices par mousse échoguidée: techniques de mise en oeuvre, indications, résultats publiés. Phlébologie 2008; 61: 261-270.
- 63 Guex JJ. Complications of sclerotherapy: an update. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 1056-1063.
- 64 Guex JJ. Les contre-indications de la sclérothérapie, mise à jour 2005. J Mal Vasc 2005; 30: 144-149.
- 65 Guex JJ. Thombotic complications of the varicose disease. J Dermatol Surg 1996; 22: 378-382.
- 66 Guex JJ. Ultrasound guided sclerotherapy (USGS) for perforating veins. Hawaii Med J 2000; 59: 261-262.
- 67 Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH. et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians Task Force. Chest 2006; 129: 174-181.
- 68 Uncu H. Sclerotherapy: a study comparing polidocanol in foam and liquid form Phlebology. 2010; 25: 44-49.
- 69 Hahn M, Schulz T, Juenger M. Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein. Medical and economic aspects. Phlebologie 2007; 36: 309-312.
- 70 Hahn M, Shulz T, Juenger M. Late stroke after foam sclerotherapy. VASA 2010; 39: 108-110.
- 71 Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Ferré B, Le Querrec A. In vivo biological effects of foam sclerotherapy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 42: 238-45.
- 72 Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Wollmann JC, Quvry P, Mako S, Allaert FA. Evaluation of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the long saphenous vein: Initial results. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29: 1170-1175.
- 73 Hamel-Desnos C, Guias BJ, Desnos PR, Mesgard A. Foam sclerotherapy of the saphenous veins. Randomised controlled trial with or without compression. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39: 500-507.
- 74 Hamel-Desnos C, Ouvry P, Benigni JP. et al. Comparison of 1% and 3% polidocanol foam in ultra-sound guided sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein: a randomised, double-blind trial with 2 year-follow-up. ‘The 3/1 Study’. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 34: 723-729.
- 75 Hamel-Desnos C, Ouvry P, Desnos P. et al. Sclérothérapie et thrombophilie: Démarche pour un consensus dans la sclérothérapie chez les thrombophiles. Phlébologie 2003; 56: 165-69.
- 76 Hamel-Desnos CM, Gillet J-L, Desnos PR, Allaert FA. Sclerotherapy of varicose veins in patients with documented thrombophilia: a prospective controlled randomized study of 105 cases. Phlebology 2009; 24: 176-82.
- 77 Hanisch F, Mueller T, Krivocuca M, Winter-holler M. Stroke following variceal sclerotherapy. Eur J Med Res 2004; 9: 282-284.
- 78 Harzheim M, Becher H. Klockgether: Brain infarct from a paradoxical embolism following a varices operation. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2000; 125: 794-796.
- 79 Hertzman PA, Owens R. Rapid healing of chronic venous ulcers following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology 2007; 22: 34-39.
- 80 Hesse G, Breu FX, Kuschmann A, Hartmann K, Salomon N. Sclerotherapy using airor CO2-O2-foam: post-approval study. Phlebologie 2012; 41: 77-88.
- 81 Peterson JD, Goldman MP. Phlebology. 2012; 27: 73-76.
- 82 Jia X, Mowatt G, Burr JM, Cassar K, Cooke J, Fraser C. Systematic review of foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 925-936.
- 83 Jiang P, van Rij AM, Christie R, Hill G, Solomon C, Thomson I. Recurrent varicose veins: patterns of reflux and clinical severity. Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 7: 332-339.
- 84 Kahle B, Leng K. Efficacy of sclerotherapy in varicose veins – a prospective, blinded placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 723-728.
- 85 Kakkos SK, Bountouroglou DG, Azzam M, Kalodiki E, Daskalopoulos M, Geroulakos G. Effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for recurrent varicose veins: immediate results. Journal of Endovascular Therapy 2006; 13: 357-364.
- 86 Kanter A, Thibault P. Saphenofemoral incompetence treated by ultrasound guided sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22: 648-652.
- 87 Kas A, Begue M, Nifle C, Gil R, Neau JP. Infarctus céré belleux aprés sclérothérapie de varicosités des membres inférieurs. Presse Med 2000; 29: 1935
- 88 Kern P, Ramelet AA, Wuetschert R, Hayoz D. Compression after sclerotherapy for elangiectasiastelangiectasias and reticular leg veins. A randomized controlled study. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45: 1212-1216.
- 89 Kern P, Ramelet A-A, Wutschert R, Bounameaux H, Hayoz D. Single blind randomized study comparing chromated glycerin, polidocanol solution and polidocanol foam for treatment of telangiectactic leg veins. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 367-372.
- 90 Koe lbel T, Hinchliffe RJ, Lindbal B. Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy of axial saphenous re-flux. Early results. Phlebology 2007; 22: 219-222.
- 91 Kreussler: Fachinformationen Aethoxysklerol 0,25%/ 0,5%/1%/2%/3% Stand Oktober 2009, Chemische Fabrik Kreussler & Co GmbH.
- 92 Künzelberger B, Pieck C, Altmeyer P, Stücker M. Migraine ophthalmique with reversible scotomas after sclerotherapy with liquid 1% polidocanol. Derm Surg 2006; 32: 1410
- 93 Lee BB, Do YS, Byun HS, Choo IW, Kim DI, Huh SH. Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 533-538.
- 94 Leslie-Mazwi TM, Avery LL, Sims JR. Intra-arterial air thrombogenesis after cerebral air embolism complicating lower extremity sclerotherapy. Neurocrit Care 2009; 11: 97-100.
- 95 Ma RWL, Pilotelle A, Paraskevas P, Parsi K. Three cases of stroke following peripheral venous interventions. Phlebology 2011; 26: 280-284.
- 96 Masuda EM, Kessler DM, Lurie F, Puggioni A, Kistner RL, Eklof B. The effect of ultrasound guided sclerotherapy of incompetent perforator veins on venous clinical severity scores. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43: 551-556.
- 97 Mc Donagh B, Sorenson S, Gray C. et al. Clinical spectrum of recurrent postoperative varicose veins and efficacy of sclerotherapy management using the compass technique. Phlebology 2003; 18: 173-186.
- 98 Mercer KG, Scott DJ, Berridge DC. Preoperative duplex imaging is required before all operations for primary varicose veins. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1495-1497.
- 99 Morrison N, Cavezzi A, Bergan J, Partsch H. Regarding ‘stroke after varicose vein foam injection.
- 100 Morrison N, Neuhardt DL, Rogers CR. et al. Comparisons of side effects using air and carbon dioxide.
- 101 Morrison N, Neuhardt DL, Rogers CR. et al. Incidence of side effects using carbon dioxide oxygen foam for chemical ablation of superficial veins of the lower extremity. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40: 407-413.
- 102 Munavalli GS, Weiss RA. Complications of sclerotherapy. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2007; 26: 22-28.
- 103 Myers KA, Jolley D. Factors affecting the risk of deep venous occlusion after ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for varicose vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008; 36: 602-605.
- 104 Myers KA, Jolley D, Clough A, Kirwan J. Outcome of Ultrasound-guided Sclerotherapy for Varicose Veins: Medium-term Results Assessed by Ultrasound Surveillance. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33: 116-121.
- 105 Morrison N, Neuhardt D L. Foam sclerotherapy: cardiac and cerebral monitoring Phlebology. 2009; 24: 252-259.
- 106 Nootheti PK, Cadag KM. Magpantay A and stockings for an additional 3 weeks after sclero-therapy treatment of reticular and telangiectatic leg veins. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35: 53-58.
- 107 Norris MJ, Carlin MC, Ratz JL. Treatment of essential telangiectasias: Effects of increasing concentrations of polidocanol. J Am Acad of Dermatol 1989; 20: 643-649.
- 108 Oesch A, Stirnemann P, Mahler F. The acute ischemic syndrome of the foot after sclerotherapy of varicose veins. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1984; 114: 1155-1158.
- 109 Picard C, Deltombe B, Duru C, Godefroy O, Bugnicourt JM. Foam sclerotherapy: a possible cause of ischaemic stroke?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 582-583.
- 110 Ouvry P, Allaert FA, Desnos P, Hamel-Desnos C. Efficacy of polidocanol foam versus liquid in sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein: a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Surg 2008; 36: 366-370.
- 111 Pang KH, Bate GR, Darvall KAL, Adam DJ, Bradbury AW. Healing and recurrence rates following ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy of superficial venous reflux in patients with chronic venous ulceration. Eur J Vasc endovasc Surg 2010; 40: 790-795.
- 112 Paraskevas P. Successful ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for vulval and leg varicosities secondary to ovarian vein reflux: a case study. Phlebology 2011; 26: 29-31.
- 113 Parsi K. Catheter-directed sclerotherapy. Phlebology 2009; 24: 98-107.
- 114 Parsi K. Paradoxical embolism, stroke and sclero-therapy. Phlebology 2012; 27: 147-67.
- 115 Parsi K. Venous gas embolism during foam sclerotherapy of saphenous veins despite recommended treatment modifications. Phlebology 2011; 26: 140-147.
- 116 Passariello F. Sclerosing foam and patent foramen ovale. The final report. In: Word Congress of the International Union of Phlebology; 2007 Jun 18-20. Kyoto, Japan.: Int Angiol; 2007. 26 87
- 117 Peterson JD, Goldman MP, Weiss RA. et al. Treatment of reticular and telangiectatic leg veins: double-blind, prospective comparative trial of polidocanol and hypertonic saline. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 1-9.
- 118 Picard C, Deltombe B, Duru C, Godefroy O, Bugnicourt JM. Foam sclerotherapy: a possible cause of ischaemic stroke?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 582-583.
- 119 Wright D, Gobin JP, Bradbury AW. et al. Varisolve European Phase III Investigators Group. Vari-solve polidocanol microfoam compared with surgery or sclerotherapy in the management of varicose veins in the presence of trunk vein incompetence: European randomized controlled trial. Phlebology 2006; 21: 180-190.
- 120 Pradalier A, Vincent D, Hentschel V. et al. Allergie aux sclérosants des varices. Rev Fr Allergol 1995; 35: 440-443.
- 121 Goldman PM, Beaudoing D, Marley W. et al. Compression in the treatment of leg teleangiectasia: a preliminary report. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990; 16: 322-325.
- 122 Rabe E, Otto J, Schliephake D, Pannier F. Efficacy and Safety of Great Saphenous Vein Sclero-therapy Using Standardised Polidocanol Foam (ESAF): a randomized controlled multicentre clinical trial. Eur J Endovasc Vasc Surg 2008; 35: 238-245.
- 123 Rabe E, Pannier F, Gerlach H, Breu FX, Guggenbichler S, Wollmann JC. Leitlinie Sklerosierungsbehandlung der Varikose. Phlebologie 2008; 37: 27-34.
- 124 Rabe E, Pannier-Fischer F, Gerlach H. et al. Guidelines for sclerotherapy of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 687-693.
- 125 Rabe E, Schliephake D, Otto J, Breu FX, Pannier F. Sclerotherapy of telangiectasias and reticular veins: a double-blind, randomized, comparative clinical trial of polidocanol, sodium tetradecyl sulphate and isotonic saline (EASI study). Phlebology 2010; 25: 124-131.
- 126 Ramelet AA, Parmentier L. Delayed Nicolau’s Livedoid dermatitis after ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 155-158.
- 127 Ramelet A-A. Phlébologie esthétique. Télangiectasies: possibilités thérapeutiques. Cosmétologie et Dermatologie esthétique. Paris:: EMC (Elsevier Masson SAS, Paris); 2010
- 128 Rao J, Wildemore JK, Goldmann MP. Double-blind prospective comparative trial between foamed and liquid 12 Phlebology 0(0) polidocanol and natrium tetradecyl sulfate in the treatment of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 631-635.
- 129 Rasmussen LH. et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation,radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 1079-1087.
- 130 Rathbun S, Norris A, Stoner J. Efficacy and safety of endovenous foam sclerotherapy: meta-analysis for treatment of venous disorders. Phlebology 2012; 27: 105-117.
- 131 Rautio T, Perala J, Biancari F. et al. Accuracy of handheld Doppler in planning the operation for primary varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 24: 450-455.
- 132 Reich-Schupke S, Weyer K, Altmeyer P, Stücker M. Treatment of varicose tributaries with sclerotherapy with polidocanol 0.5% foam. Vasa 2010; 39: 169-174.
- 133 Rathbun S, Norris A, Stoner J. Efficacy and safety of endovenous foam sclerotherapy: meta-analysis for treatment of venous disorders. Phlebology 2012; 27: 105-117.
- 134 Sadoun S, Benigni JP, Sica M. Étude prospective de l’efficacité de la mousse de sclérosant dans le traitement des varices tronculaires des membres inférieurs. Phlébologie 2002; 55: 259-62.
- 135 Sarvananthan T, Shepherd AC, Willenberg T, Davies AH. Neurological complications of sclero-therapy for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg 2012; 55: 243-251.
- 136 Schadeck M, Allaert FA. Résultats à long terme de la Sclérothérapie des Saphènes internes. Phlébologie 1997; 50: 257-262.
- 137 Schuller-Petrovic S, Brunner F, Neuhold N, Pavlovic MD, Woe lkart G. Subcutaneous injection of liquid and foamed polidocanol: extravasation is not responsible for skin necrosis during reticular and spider vein sclerotherapy. JEADV 2011; 25: 983-986.
- 138 Schultz-Ehrenburg U, Tourbier H. Doppler-kontrollierte Verödungsbehandlung der Vena saphena magna. Phlebol u Proktol 1984; 13: 117-122. 139
- 139 Rathbun S, Norris A, Stoner J. Inadvertent arterial injection using catheter-assisted sclerotherapy resulting in amputation. Dermatol Surg 2010; 37: 536-538.
- 140 Orsini C, Brotto M. Immediate pathologic effects on the vein wall of foam sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg. 2007; 33: 1250
- 141 Scultetus AH, Villavicencio JL, Kao TC. et al. Microthrombectomy reduces postsclerotherapy pigmentation: multicenter randomized trial. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 896-903.
- 142 Shadid N, Ceulen R, Nelemans P. et al. Randomized clinical trial of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy versus surgery for the incompetent great saphenous vein. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1062-1070.
- 143 Stanley PRW, Bickerton DR, Campbell WB. Injection sclerotherapy for varicose veins – a comparison of materials for applying local compression. Phlebology 1991; 6: 37-39.
- 144 STD Pharmaceutical Products Ltd. Prescribing Information, March 2012.
- 145 Stücker M, Reich S, Hermes N. et al. Safety and efficiency of perilesional sclerotherapy in leg ulcer patients with postthrombotic syndrome and/or oral anticoagulation with Phenprocoumon. JDDG 2006; 4: 734-738.
- 146 Sukovatykh BS, Rodionov OA, Sukovatykh MB, Khodykin SP. Diagnosis and treatment of atypical forms of varicose disease of pelvic veins. Vestn Khir Im II Grek 2008; 167: 43-45.
- 147 Kölbel T. et al Catheter-directed foam. Phlebology 2007; 22: 05
- 148 Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Frullini A. Preliminary experience with a new sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 58-60.
- 149 Tessari L, Cavezzi A, Rosso M, Cabrera Garrido A. Variables in foam sclerotherapy: literature and experimental data. ANZJ Phleb 2008; 11: 83-84.
- 150 Darvall KAL, Sam RC, Bate GR, Adam DJ, Bradbury AW. Photoplethysmographic venous refilling times following ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy for symptomatic superficial venous reflux: relationship with clinical outcomes. EJVES 2010; 40: 267-272.
- 151 Tratado de Flebologia y Linfología Edgardo Attman Canestrio, Cesar federico sanchez, Ursula Tropper. Fundacion flebológica Argentina 1997.
- 152 Pang KH, Bate GR, Darvall KAL, Adam DJ, Bradbury AW. Healing and recurrence rates following ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy of superficial venous reflux in patients with chronic venous ulceration. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40: 790-795.
- 153 Uncu H. Sclerotherapy: a study comparing polidocanol in foam and liquid form. Phlebology 2010; 25: 44-49.
- 154 Van der Plas JPL, Lambers JC, van Wersch JW, Koehler PJ. Reversible ischaemic neurological deficit after sclerotherapy of varicose veins. Lancet 1994; 343: 428.
- 155 Van Neer P, Veraart JCJM, Neumann H. Posterolateral thigh perforator varicosities in 12 patients: a normal deep venous system and success-ful treatment with ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32: 1346-1352.
- 156 Vega et al. México Sclerotherapy II. Phlebolymphology 2012; 20 (01) 43-44.
- 157 Vin F. Principes de la Sclérothéraphie des Troncs Saphènes Internes. Phlébologie 1997; 50: 229-234.
- 158 Wagdi P. Migräne und offenes Foramen Ovale: nur ein vorübergehender Hoffnungsschimmer?. Kardiovasc Med 2006; 9: 32-36.
- 159 Weiss RA, Weiss MA. Incidence of side effects in the treatment of telangiectasiastelangiectasias by compression sclerotherapy: hypertonics saline vs. polidocanol. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990; 16: 800-804.
- 160 Weiss RA, Sadick NS, Goldman MP, Weiss MA. Post-sclerotherapy compression: controlled comparative study of duration of compression and its effects on clinical outcome. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25: 105-108.
- 161 Wildenhues B. Catheter-assisted foam sclerotherapy: a new minimally invasive method for the treatment of trunk varicosis of the long and short saphenous veins. Phlebologie 2005; 34: 165-70.
- 162 Wollmann JC. The history of sclerosing foams. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 694-703.
- 163 Wright D, Gobin JP, Bradbury AW. et al. Varisolve European Phase III Investigators Group. Vari-solve R polidocanol microfoam compared with surgery or sclerotherapy in the management of varicose veins in the presence of trunk vein incompetence: European randomized controlled trial. Phlebology 2006; 21 (04) 180-190.
- 164 Yamaki T, Hamahata A, Soejima K, Kono T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H. Prospective randomised comparative study of visual foam sclerotherapy alone or in combination with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for treatment of superficial venous insufficiency: preliminary report. EJVES 2012; 43: 343-347.
- 165 Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Iwasaka S. Comparative study of duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy and duplex-guided liquid sclerotherapy for the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 718-722.
- 166 Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H. et al. Multiple smalldose injections can reduce the passage of sclerosant foam into deep veins during foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Eur J Endovasc Surg 2008; 37: 343-348.
- 167 Yamaki T, Nozaki M, Sakurai H. et al. Prospective randomized efficacy of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy compared with ultrasound-guided liquid sclerotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic venous malformations. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47: 578-584.
- 168 Yamaki T, Nozaki Mand Sasaki K. Color duplex-guided sclerotherapy for the treatment of venous malformations. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 323-328.
- 169 Zarca C, Bailly C, Gachet G, Spini L. Class-Mousse 1 study: compression hosiery and foam sclerotherapy. Phlébologie 2012; 65: 11-20.
- 170 Zhang J, Jing Z, Schliephake DE, Otto J, Malouf GM, Gu YQ. Efficacy and safety of Aethoxysklerol (polidocanol) 0.5%, 1% and 3% in comparison with placebo solution for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in Chinese patients (ESA-China Study). Phlebology 2012; 27: 184-190.
- 171 Zipper SG. Nervus perona-Schaden nach Varizensklerosierung mit Aethoxysklerol. Versicherungsmedizin 2000; 4: 185-187.