Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2001; 3(2): 156-163
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12895
Original Paper
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York

Infrafamilial Phylogeny of the Aquatic Angiosperm Podostemaceae Inferred from the Nucleotide Sequences of the matK Gene

Y. Kita*, M. Kato
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
  • * Research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Further Information

Publication History

September 19, 2000

January 02, 2001

Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)

Abstract

The infrafamilial relationships of Podostemaceae were deduced from nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast matK gene. The matK phylogenetic analyses show that Podostemaceae are composed of two major clades that correspond to the subfamily Tristichoideae sensu stricto and Weddellina and the subfamily Podostemoideae. Weddellina, which has long been recognized as a member of the Tristichoideae, is sister to the Podostemoideae, supporting the classification that recognized a third subfamily Weddellinoideae. Malaccotristicha malayana and Terniopsis sessilis form a basal clade in Tristichoideae sensu stricto. Tristichoideae show a high morphological diversity and, surprisingly, a close relationship exists between Dalzellia zeylanica and Indotristicha ramosissima, which remarkably differ in their body plans. A few genera defined by particular characters, such as Synstylis and Torrenticola, merge into clades of other larger genera. The Podostemoideae taxa studied are composed of two American clades, an Asian-Australian clade and a Madagascan clade, and may suggest that the subfamily perhaps originated in America and migrated to the Old World.

Abbreviations

matK: maturase K

ML: maximum likelihood

MP: maximum parsimony

MYA: million years ago

References

  • 01 Adachi,  J., and Hasegawa,  M.. (1996) MOLPHY, programs for molecular phylogenetics, version 2.3. Tokyo; Institute of Statistical Mathematics
  • 02 Bentham,  G., and Hooker,  J. D.. (1883) Genera plantarum, voir 3. London pp. 10-115
  • 03 Chao,  H. C.. (1948);  Discovery of Podostemonaceae in China.  Contr. Inst. Natl. Acad. Peiping. 6 1-17
  • 04 Cook,  C. D. K.. (1996) Aquatic plant book. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, New York; SPB Academic Publishing
  • 05 Cronquist,  A.. (1981) An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York; Columbia Univ. Press
  • 06 Cusset,  C.. (1992);  Contribution à l'étude des Podostemaceae: 12. Les genres asiatiques.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 14 13-54
  • 07 Cusset,  C., and Cusset,  G.. (1988 a);  Etude sur les Podostemales. 9. Délimitations taxonomiques dans les Tristichaceae.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 10 149-177
  • 08 Cusset,  G., and Cusset,  C.. (1988 b);  Etude sur les Podostemales. 10. Structures florales et végétatives des Tristichaceae.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 10 179-218
  • 09 Cusset,  G., and Cusset,  C.. (1988 c);  Etudes sur les Podostemopsida. 11. Répartition et évolution des Tristichaceae.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 10 223-262
  • 10 Cusset,  G., and Cusset,  C.. (1989);  Etudes sur les Podostemales. 12. Biogéographie évolutive de Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Sprengel.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 11 39-70
  • 11 Doyle,  J. J., and Doyle,  J. L.. (1987);  A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue.  Phytochem. Bull.. 19 11-15
  • 12 Dransfield,  J., and Whitmore,  T. C.. (1970);  A Posotemaceae new to Malaya: Indotristicha malayana. .  Blumea. 18 151-155
  • 13 Engler,  A.. (1930) Reihe Podostemales. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed. Vol. 18 a. Engler, A. and Prantl, K., eds. Leipzig; Engelmann pp. 1-68 pp. 483-484
  • 14 Esau,  K.. (1977) Anatomy of seed plants. 2nd ed. New York; John Willey and Sons
  • 15 Fahn,  A.. (1990) Plant anatomy. 4th ed. Oxford; Pergamon Press
  • 16 Hasegawa,  M., and Kishino,  H.. (1994);  Accuracies of the simple methods for estimating the bootstrap probability of a maximum likelihood tree.  Mol. Biol. Evol.. 11 142-145
  • 17 Hasegawa,  M.,, Kishino,  H.,, and Yano,  T.. (1985);  Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA.  J. Mol. Evol.. 22 160-174
  • 18 Imaichi,  R.,, Ichiba,  T.,, and Kato,  M.. (1999);  Developmental morphology and anatomy of the vegetative organs in Malaccotristicha malayana (Podostemaceae).  Int. J. Plant Sci.. 160 253-259
  • 19 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (1995);  Morphologie der Podostemaceae. III. Dalzellia ceylanica (Gard.) Wight (Tristichoideae).  Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt. 92 1-77
  • 20 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (1997 a);  Comparative morphology of the vegetative structures of Tristicha trifaria, Indotristicha ramosissima and Dalzellia ceylanica (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae): a review.  Aquatic Bot.. 57 71-96
  • 21 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (1997 b);  Embryological and floral studies in Weddellina squamulosa Tul. (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae).  Aquatic Bot.. 57 151-182
  • 22 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (2000);  Developmental morphology of roots and root-born shoots of Podostemum subulatum as compared with Zeylanidium olivaceum (Podostemaceae - Podostemoideae). Part VII of the series “Morphology of Podostemaceae”.  Plant Syst. Evol.. 220 55-67
  • 23 Kishino,  H.,, Miyata,  T.,, and Hasegawa,  M.. (1990);  Maximum likelihood inference of protein phylogeny, and the origin of chloroplasts.  J. Mol. Evol.. 31 151-160
  • 24 Les,  D. H.,, Philbrick,  C. T.,, and Novelo,  A.. (1997);  The phylogenetic position of river-weeds (Podostemaceae): insights from rbcL sequence data.  Aquatic Bot.. 57 5-27
  • 25 Les,  D. H.,, Philbrick,  C. T.,, and Novelo,  A.. (1998);  Phylogeography of the Podostemaceae sensu lato: a hypothesis of multiple tropical radiation.  Am. J. Bot.. 85 141
  • 26 Maddison,  W. P., and Maddison,  D. R.. (1992) MacClade, Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, version 3.08. Sunderland; Sinauer Associates
  • 27 Mathew,  C. J., and Satheesh,  V. K.. (1997);  Taxonomy and distribution of the Podostemaceae in Kerala, India.  Aquatic Bot.. 57 243-274
  • 28 Nei,  M., and Gojobori,  T.. (1986);  Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions.  Mol. Biol. Evol.. 3 418-426
  • 29 Ooi,  K.,, Endo,  Y.,, Yokoyama,  J.,, and Murakami,  N.. (1995);  Useful primer designs to amplify DNA fragments of the plastid gene matK from angiosperm plants.  J. Jap. Bot.. 70 328-331
  • 30 Ota,  M.,, Imaichi,  R.,, and Kato,  M.. (2001);  Developmental morphology of the thalloid Hydrobryum japonicum (Podostemaceae).  Am. J. Bot.. 88 382-390
  • 31 Rutishauser,  R.. (1995);  Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology.  Canad. J. Bot.. 73 1305-1317
  • 32 Rutishauser,  R.. (1997);  Structural and developmental diversity in Podostemaceae (river-weeds).  Aquatic Bot.. 57 29-70
  • 33 Rutishauser,  R., and Huber,  K. A.. (1991);  The developmental morphology of Indotristicha ramosissima (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae).  Plant Syst. Evol.. 178 195-223
  • 34 Savolainen,  V.,, Fay,  M. F.,, Albach,  D. C.,, Backlund,  A.,, van der Bank,  M.,, Cameron,  K. M.,, Johnson,  S. A.,, Lledó,  M. D.,, Pintaud,  J.-C.,, Powell,  M.,, Sheahan,  M. C.,, Soltis,  D. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Weston,  P.,, Whitten,  W. M.,, Wurdack,  K. J.,, and Chase,  M. W.. (2000);  Phylogeny of the eudicots: a nearly complete familial analysis based on rbcL gene sequences.  Kew Bull.. 55 257-309
  • 35 Schnell,  R. A. A.. (1998) Anatomie des Podostémacées. Extreme adaptations in angiospermous hydrophytes. Landolt, E., Jäger-Zürn, I., and Schnell, R. A. A., eds. Berlin; Gebrüder Borntraeger pp. 197-209
  • 36 Soltis,  D. E.,, Mort,  M. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Hibsch-Jetter,  C.,, Zimmer,  E. A.,, and Morgan,  D.. (1999);  Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae inferred from 18S rDNA and rbcL sequence data.  Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.. 11 261-272
  • 37 Soltis,  D. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Chase,  M. W.,, Mort,  M. E.,, Albach,  D. C.,, Zanis,  M.,, Savolainen,  V.,, Hahn,  W. H.,, Hoot,  S. B.,, Fay,  M. F.,, Axtell,  M.,, Swensen,  S. M.,, Prince,  L. M.,, Kress,  W. J.,, Nixon,  K. C.,, and Farris,  J. S.. (2000);  Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences.  Bot. J. Linn. Soc.. 133 381-461
  • 38 Swofford,  D. L.. (1999) PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b3. Sunderland; Sinauer Associates
  • 39 Takhtajan,  A.. (1980);  Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta).  Bot. Review. 46 255-359
  • 40 Takhtajan,  A.. (1997) Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York; Columbia Univ. Press
  • 41 Taylor,  T. N., and Taylor,  E. L.. (1993) The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Englewood Cliffs; Prentice-Hall
  • 42 Thompson,  J. D.,, Gibson,  T. J.,, Plewniak,  F.,, Jeanmougin,  F.,, and Higgins,  D. G.. (1997);  The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.  Nucl. Acids Res.. 25 4876-4882
  • 43 Thorne,  R. F.. (1992);  Classification and geography of the flowering plants.  Bot. Review. 58 225-348
  • 44 Ueda,  K.,, Hanyuda,  T.,, Nakano,  A.,, Shiuchi,  T.,, Seo,  A.,, Okubo,  H.,, and Hotta,  M.. (1997);  Molecular phylogenetic position of Podostemaceae, a marvelous aquatic flowering plant family.  J. Plant Res.. 110 87-92
  • 45 Uniyal,  P. L.. (1999);  Studies on Indotristicha tirunelveliana Sharma, Karthik. and Shetty (Podostemaceae): an endemic, rare and enigmatic taxon.  Flora. 194 169-178
  • 46 van Royen,  P.. (1951);  The Podostemaceae of the New World 1.  Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht. 107 1-151
  • 47 van Steenis,  C. G. G. J.. (1972);  Podostemaceae.  Fl. Males. Ser. I,. 6 963-964
  • 48 van Steenis,  C. G. G. J.. (1981) Rheophytes of the world. Alphen den Rijn; Sijthoff and Noordhoff
  • 49 Warming,  E.. (1881);  Familien Podostemaceae. I. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 6.  Nat. Math. Afd.. 2 1-34
  • 50 Willis,  J. C.. (1902 a);  A revision of the Podostemaceae of India and Ceylon.  Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya. 1 181-250
  • 51 Willis,  J. C.. (1902 b);  Studies in the morphology and ecology of the Podostemaceae of Ceylon and India.  Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya. 1 267-465
  • 52 Willis,  J. C.. (1915);  A new natural family of flowering plants - Tristichaceae.  J. Linn. Soc. Bot.. 43 49-54
  • 53 Wolfe,  K. H.,, Li,  W. H.,, and Sharp,  P. M.. (1987);  Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84 9054-9058
  • 54 Xiang,  Q.-Y.,, Soltis,  D. E.,, and Soltis,  P. S.. (1998);  Phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences.  Am. J. Bot.. 85 285-297
  • 55 Xiang,  Q.-Y.,, Soltis,  D. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Manchester,  S. R.,, and Crawford,  D. J.. (2000);  Timing the eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction: molecular clock corroborates paleontological estimates.  Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.. 15 462-472
  • 56 Zurawski,  G., and Clegg,  M. T.. (1987);  Evolution of higher-plant chloroplast DNA-encoded genes: implications for structure-function and phylogenetic studies.  Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.. 38 391-418

Y. Kita

Department of Biological Sciences
Graduate School of Science
University of Tokyo

7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo, 113-0033
Japan

Email: yoko.kita@nifty.ne.jp

Section Editor: M. Hasebe