Download PDF
Semin Plast Surg
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782650
Review Article

Benefits and Process of Providing Peer Support for Pediatric Burn Survivors and Caregivers during Inpatient and Outpatient Phases of Recovery

Marta Rosenberg
1   Department of Behavioral Health, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas
2   Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
,
Robert Rodriguez
1   Department of Behavioral Health, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas
3   Department of Global Health and Emerging Diseases, School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
,
Staci Grant
1   Department of Behavioral Health, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas
2   Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
,
Alicia San Miguel
1   Department of Behavioral Health, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas
,
Jong O. Lee
1   Department of Behavioral Health, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas
4   Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
,
Laura Rosenberg
1   Department of Behavioral Health, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas
2   Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The World Health Organization reveals that pediatric burns represent a large portion of burns globally (61). Increases in survival rates have guided clinical and research focus on physical, psychological, and social outcomes. Research on other childhood illnesses has shown the efficacy of social support throughout recovery. In the pediatric burn literature, studies have shown the efficacy of burn camps for promoting positive interactions among survivors, learning coping skills, and facilitating socialization and reintegration. However, few studies have focused on the benefits of peer support for pediatric burn survivors and their caregivers in the inpatient and outpatient phases of recovery. This descriptive paper identifies options for building resilience for pediatric burn survivors through peer support in the inpatient and outpatient phases of recovery. The authors discuss options for providing peer support during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the pediatric intensive care unit, general pediatric floor, and outpatient setting.

Keywords

pediatric - burns - peer support - resilience - interdisciplinary


Publication History

Article published online:
04 April 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Cartwright S, Saret C, Shapiro GD. et al. Burn survivors injured as children exhibit resilience in long-term community integration outcomes: a life impact burn recovery evaluation (LIBRE) study. Burns 2019; 45 (05) 1031-1040
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Carter JE, Amani H, Carter D. et al. Evaluating real-world national and regional trends in definitive closure in U.S. burn care: a survey of U.S. burn centers. J Burn Care Res 2022; 43 (01) 141-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Klein MB, Goverman J, Hayden DL. et al; Inflammation and Host Response to Injury, and Large-Scale Collaborative Research Program. Benchmarking outcomes in the critically injured burn patient. Ann Surg 2014; 259 (05) 833-841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 AlAlwan MA, Almomin HA, Shringarpure SD. et al. Survival from ninety-five percent total body surface area burn: a case report and literature review. Cureus 2022; 14 (02) e21903
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Evans CS, Hart K, Self WH, Nikpay S, Thompson CM, Ward MJ. Burn related injuries: a nationwide analysis of adult inter-facility transfers over a six-year period in the United States. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22 (01) 147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Haynes HJG. Fire loss in the United States during 2016. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) research; 2016
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Ryan CM, Schoenfeld DA, Thorpe WP, Sheridan RL, Cassem EH, Tompkins RG. Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries. N Engl J Med 1998; 338 (06) 362-366
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Patterson DR, Ptacek JT, Cromes F, Fauerbach JA, Engrav L. The 2000 Clinical Research Award. Describing and predicting distress and satisfaction with life for burn survivors. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000; 21 (06) 490-498
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Jeschke MG, Pinto R, Kraft R. et al; Inflammation and the Host Response to Injury Collaborative Research Program. Morbidity and survival probability in burn patients in modern burn care. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (04) 808-815
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Long KA, Marsland AL. Family adjustment to childhood cancer: a systematic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2011; 14 (01) 57-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Deegan A, Brennan C, Gallagher P, Lambert V, Dunne S. Social support and childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review (2006-2022). Psychooncology 2023; 32 (06) 819-833
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Riehm KE, Holingue C, Smail EJ. et al. Trajectories of mental distress among U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55 (02) 93-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 McGinty EE, Presskreischer R, Han H, Barry CL. Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA 2020; 324 (01) 93-94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Vasudevan A, Bailey HM, Sager A, Kazis LE. Impact of the early COVID-19 pandemic on burn care: a multi-national study. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44 (03) 580-589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Patel KF, Rodríguez-Mercedes SL, Grant GG. et al. Physical, psychological, and social outcomes in pediatric burn survivors ages 5 to 18 years: a systematic review. J Burn Care Res 2022; 43 (02) 343-352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Svetina M. Resilience in the context of Erikson's theory of human development. Curr Psychol 2014; 33: 393-404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Vogel-Scibilia SE, McNulty KC, Baxter B, Miller S, Dine M, Frese III FJ. The recovery process utilizing Erikson's stages of human development. Community Ment Health J 2009; 45 (06) 405-414
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Erikson E. . Identity: Youth in Crisis New York: W.W. Norton; 1968: 94
  • 19 Won P, Bello MS, Stoycos SA. et al. The impact of peer support group programs on psychosocial outcomes for burn survivors and caregivers: a review of the literature. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42 (04) 600-609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Nilsson A, Orwelius L, Sveen J. et al. Anxiety and depression after burn, not as bad as we think—a nationwide study. Burns 2019; 45 (06) 1367-1374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Rosenberg L, Rosenberg M, Rimmer R, Fauerbach JA. Psychosocial recovery and reintegration of patients with burn injuries. In Herndon DN. Total Burn Care, 5th ed. England:: Saunders Elsevier; 2018. , Ch. 66: 709-720
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Pardesi O, Fuzaylov G. Pain management in pediatric burn patients: review of recent literature and future directions. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38 (06) 335-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Rosenberg L, Rosenberg M, Robert R. et al. Does acute stress disorder predict subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder in pediatric burn survivors?. J Clin Psychiatry 2015; 76 (11) 1564-1568
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Thombs BD, Haines JM, Bresnick MG, Magyar-Russell G, Fauerbach JA, Spence RJ. Depression in burn reconstruction patients: symptom prevalence and association with body image dissatisfaction and physical function. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29 (01) 14-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Stoddard FJ, Norman DK, Murphy JM, Beardslee WR. Psychiatric outcome of burned children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989; 28 (04) 589-595
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Saxe G, Stoddard F, Chawla N. et al. Risk factors for acute stress disorder in children with burns. J Trauma Dissociation 2005; 6 (02) 37-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Faber AW, Klasen HJ, Sauër EW, Vuister FM. Psychological and social problems in burn patients after discharge. A follow-up study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1987; 21 (03) 307-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Malt UF, Ugland OM. A long-term psychosocial follow-up study of burned adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1989; 355 (355) 94-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Thompson JK, Heinberg LJ, Altabe M, Tantleff-Dunn S. Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC:: American Psychological Association; 1999
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Price B. A model for body-image care. J Adv Nurs 1990; 15 (05) 585-593
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Tiggemann M. Sociocultural Perspectives on Human Appearance and Body Image. Cited in Cash TF, Smolak L. Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice and Prevention, 2nd ed. New York:: The Guilford Press;; 2011: 12-19
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Cash TF. Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. Cited in Cash TF, Smolak L. Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice and Prevention, 2nd ed. New York:: The Guilford Press;; 2011: 39-47
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Thombs BD, Notes LD, Lawrence JW, Magyar-Russell G, Bresnick MG, Fauerbach JA. From survival to socialization: a longitudinal study of body image in survivors of severe burn injury. J Psychosom Res 2008; 64 (02) 205-212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Smolak L. Body image development in childhood. Cited in Cash TF, Smolak L. Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice and Prevention, 2nd ed. New York:: The Guilford Press; 2011: 67-75
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Macgregor FC. Facial disfigurement: problems and management of social interaction and implications for mental health. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1990; 14 (04) 249-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Pruzinsky T, Doctor M. Body Images and Pediatric Burn Injury. In: Tarowski KJ. ed. Behavioral aspects of pediatric burns. New York:: Plenum; 1994: 169-191
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Lawrence JW, Rosenberg L, Mason S, Fauerbach JA. Comparing parent and child perceptions of stigmatizing behavior experienced by children with burn scars. Body Image 2011; 8 (01) 70-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Smart Richman L, Leary MR. Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: a multimotive model. Psychol Rev 2009; 116 (02) 365-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Lawrence JW, Rosenberg L, Rimmer RB, Thombs BD, Fauerbach JA. Perceived stigmatization and social comfort: validating the constructs and their measurement among pediatric burn survivors. Rehabil Psychol 2010; 55 (04) 360-371
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Meyer III WJ, Lee AF, Kazis LE. et al; Multi-Center Benchmarking Study Working Group. Adolescent survivors of burn injuries and their parents' perceptions of recovery outcomes: do they agree or disagree?. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73 (3, Suppl 2): S213-S220
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Pope SJ, Solomons WR, Done DJ, Cohn N, Possamai AM. Body image, mood and quality of life in young burn survivors. Burns 2007; 33 (06) 747-755
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Orr DA, Reznikoff M, Smith GM. Body image, self-esteem, and depression in burn-injured adolescents and young adults. J Burn Care Rehabil 1989; 10 (05) 454-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D. et al. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36 (04) 545-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Rosenberg M. 1965. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press;
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Franklin Jr MR, Duley SM, Rousseau EW, Sabers DL. Construct validation of the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Educ Psychol Meas 1981; 41 (02) 439-443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Connor KM, Davidson JRT. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 2003; 18 (02) 76-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Renbarger RL, Padgett RN, Cowden RG. et al. Culturally relevant resilience: a psychometric meta-analysis of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM). J Res Adolesc 2020; 30 (04) 896-912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ungar M, Liebenberg L. Assessing resilience across cultures using mixed methods: construction of the child and youth resilience measure. J Mixed Methods Res 2011; 5 (02) 126-149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Daltroy LH, Liang MH, Phillips CB. et al. American Burn Association/Shriners Hospitals For Children Burn Outcomes Questionnaire: construction and psychometric properties. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000; 21 (1 Pt 1): 29-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Griffiths C, Guest E, Pickles T. et al. The development and validation of the CARe Burn Scale: Child Form: a parent-proxy-reported outcome measure assessing quality of life for children aged 8 years and under living with a burn injury. Qual Life Res 2021; 30 (01) 239-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care 2001; 39 (08) 800-812
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Bullinger M, Brütt AL, Erhart M, Ravens-Sieberer U. BELLA Study Group. Psychometric properties of the KINDL-R questionnaire: results of the BELLA study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 17 (Suppl. 01) 125-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Mercieca-Bebber R, King MT, Calvert MJ, Stockler MR, Friedlander M. The importance of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials and strategies for future optimization. Patient Relat Outcome Meas 2018; 9: 353-367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Billig JI, Sears ED, Travis BN, Waljee JF. Patient-reported outcomes: understanding surgical efficacy and quality from the patient's perspective. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27 (01) 56-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Dewalt DA, Thissen D, Stucky BD. et al. PROMIS Pediatric Peer Relationships Scale: development of a peer relationships item bank as part of social health measurement. Health Psychol 2013; 32 (10) 1093-1103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Southwick SM, Bonanno GA, Masten AS, Panter-Brick C, Yehuda R. Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2014; 5: 1-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Mesman E, Vreeker A, Hillegers M. Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents: an update of the recent literature and future directions. 2021; 34 (06) 586-592 . Accessed February 22, 2024 at: www.co-psychiatry.com
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Quezada L, González MT, Mecott GA, González MT, Mecott GA. Explanatory model of resilience in pediatric burn survivors. J Burn Care Res 2016; 37 (04) 216-225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Masten AS, Lucke CM, Nelson KM, Stallworthy IC. Resilience in development and psychopathology: multisystem perspectives. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2021; 17: 521-549
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Wiechman S, Smith B. Help your child recover—Build your child's resilience after a burn injury. In collaboration with the Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets 2022
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Jordan KC, Gennaro JLD, von Saint André-von Arnim A, Stewart BT. Global trends in pediatric burn injuries and care capacity from the World Health Organization Global Burn Registry. Front Pediatr 2022; (e-pub ahead of print). doi: DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.954995.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Krishnamoorthy V, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM. Pediatric burn injuries. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2012; 2 (03) 128-134
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Armstrong M, Wheeler KK, Shi J. et al. Epidemiology and trend of US pediatric burn hospitalizations, 2003-2016. Burns 2021; 47 (03) 551-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Peck MD, Kruger GE, van der Merwe AE, Godakumbura W, Ahuja RB. Burns and fires from non-electric domestic appliances in low and middle income countries Part I. The scope of the problem. Burns 2008; 34 (03) 303-311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Forjuoh SN. Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention. Burns 2006; 32 (05) 529-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Gopalkrishnan N. Cultural diversity and mental health: considerations for policy and practice. Front Public Health 2018; 6: 179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Marsella AJ, Yamada AM. Culture and mental health: an introduction and overview of foundations, concepts, and issues. In: Cuellar I, Paniagua FA. ed. Handbook of Multicultural Mental Health: Assessment and Treatment of Diverse Populations. New York:: Academic Press; 2000: 3-24
    Google Scholar
  • 68 Blakeney PE, Rosenberg L, Rosenberg M, Faber AW. Psychosocial care of persons with severe burns. Burns 2008; 34 (04) 433-440
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Stubbe DE. Practicing cultural competence and cultural humility in the care of diverse patients. Focus Am Psychiatr Publ 2020; 18 (01) 49-51
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Hechanova R, Waelde L. The influence of culture on disaster mental health and psychosocial support interventions in Southeast Asia. Ment Health Relig Cult 2017; 20: 31-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Suurmond J, Dokter J, Van Loey N, Essink-Bot ML. Issues to address in burn care for ethnic minority children: a qualitative study of the experiences of health care staff. Burns 2012; 38 (05) 730-737
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Barnett BS, Mulenga M, Kiser MM, Charles AG. Qualitative analysis of a psychological supportive counseling group for burn survivors and families in Malawi. Burns 2017; 43 (03) 602-607
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Chedekel DS, Tolias CL. Adolescents' perceptions of participation in a burn patient support group. J Burn Care Rehabil 2001; 22 (04) 301-306 , discussion 300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Thompson A, Kent G. Adjusting to disfigurement: processes involved in dealing with being visibly different. Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21 (05) 663-682
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Lawrence JW, Fauerbach JA, Heinberg L, Doctor M. Visible vs hidden scars and their relation to body esteem. J Burn Care Rehabil 2004; 25 (01) 25-32
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Lawrence JW, Fauerbach JA, Thombs BD. A test of the moderating role of importance of appearance in the relationship between perceived scar severity and body-esteem among adult burn survivors. Body Image 2006; 3 (02) 101-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Lawrence JW, Rosenberg LE, Fauerbach JA. Comparing the body esteem of pediatric survivors of burn injury with the body esteem of an age-matched comparison group without burns. Rehabil Psychol 2007; 52 (04) 370-379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://www.phoenix-society.org
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Changing faces. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://www.changingfaces.org.UK/home
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Esselman PC, Ptacek JT, Kowalske K, Cromes GF, deLateur BJ, Engrav LH. Community integration after burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil 2001; 22 (03) 221-227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Blakeney P, Partridge J, Rumsey N. Community integration. J Burn Care Res 2007; 28 (04) 598-601
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Rosenberg L, Blakeney P, Thomas CR, Holzer III CE, Robert RS, Meyer III WJ. The importance of family environment for young adults burned during childhood. Burns 2007; 33 (05) 541-546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Landolt MA, Grubenmann S, Meuli M. Family impact greatest: predictors of quality of life and psychological adjustment in pediatric burn survivors. J Trauma 2002; 53 (06) 1146-1151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Skills S, Quayle BK. Beyond surviving tools for social empowerment. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://www.phoenix-society.org
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Getting back out there: Tools for social empowerment. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: www.phoenix-society.org/resources
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Supporting burn survivors: How you can help. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: www.phoenix-society.org/resources
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Holavanahalli R, Kammerer Quayle B. Social interaction after burn injury. In Collaboration with the Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 The Journey Back: Navigating School Reentry developed by the Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://www.phoenix-society.org/resources/the-journey-back-navigating-school-reentry
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Friedlander L, Wiechman S. Going back to school after burn injury. In Collaboration with the Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center. Accessed February 22, 2024 at: https://msktc.org/burn/factsheets 2020
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Blakeney P, Moore P, Meyer III W. et al. Efficacy of school reentry programs. J Burn Care Rehabil 1995; 16 (04) 469-472 , discussion 466–468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Pan R, Dos Santos BD, Nascimento LC, Rossi LA, Geenen R, Van Loey NE. School reintegration of pediatric burn survivors: an integrative literature review. Burns 2018; 44 (03) 494-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Arshad SN, Gaskell SL, Baker C. et al. Measuring the impact of a burns school reintegration programme on the time taken to return to school: a multi-disciplinary team intervention for children returning to school after a significant burn injury. Burns 2015; 41 (04) 727-734
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Horridge G, Cohen K, Gaskell S. Burn Ed: parental, psychological and social factors influencing a burn-injured child's return to education. Burns 2010; 36: 630-638
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Rimmer RB, Fornaciari GM, Foster KN. et al. Impact of a pediatric residential burn camp experience on burn survivors' perceptions of self and attitudes regarding the camp community. J Burn Care Res 2007; 28 (02) 334-341
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Cox ER, Call SB, Williams NR, Reeves PM. Shedding the layers: exploring the impact of the burn camp experience on adolescent campers' body image. J Burn Care Rehabil 2004; 25 (01) 141-147 , discussion 140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Bakker A, Van der Heijden PGM, Van Son MJM, Van de Schoot R, Van Loey NEE. Impact of pediatric burn camps on participants' self esteem and body image: an empirical study. Burns 2011; 37 (08) 1317-1325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Tropez-Arceneaux LL, Castillo Alaniz AT, Lucia Icaza I, Alejandra Murillo E. The psychological impact of first burn camp in Nicaragua. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38 (01) e1-e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Armstrong-James L, Cadogan J, Williamson H, Rumsey N, Harcourt D. An evaluation of the impact of a burn camp on children and young people's concerns about social situations, satisfaction with appearance and behaviour. Scars Burn Heal 2018; . (e-pub ahead of print). doi: DOI: 10.1177/2059513118816219.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Rimmer RB, Pressman MS, Takach OP. et al. Burn-injured adolescents report gaining multiple developmental benefits and improved life skills as a result of burn camp attendance. J Burn Care Res 2012; 33 (04) 552-560
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar