Chromosome analyses in dogs

Summary

Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes. Every species is characterized by a given number of chromosomes that can be recognized by their specific shape. The chromosomes are arranged according to standard classification schemes for the respective species. While pre-and postnatal chromosome analyses investigate the constitutional karyotype, tumor cytogenetics is focused on the detection of clonal acquired, tumor-associated chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic investigations in dogs are of great value especially for breeders dealing with fertility problems within their pedigrees, for veterinarians and last but not least for the dog owners. Dogs and humans share a variety of genetic diseases, including cancer. Thus, the dog has become an increasingly important model for genetic diseases. However, cytogenetic analyses of canine cells are complicated by the complex karyotype of the dog. Only just 15 years ago, a standard classification scheme for the complete canine karyotype was established. For chromosome analyses of canine cells the same steps of chromosome preparation are used as in human cytogenetics.There are few reports about cytogenetic changes in non-neoplastic cells, involving predominantly the sex chromosomes. Cytogenetic analyses of different entities of canine tumors revealed that, comparable to human tumors, tumors of the dog are often characterized by clonal chromosome aberrations, which might be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The integration of modern techniques (molecular genetic approaches, adaptive computer programs) will facilitate and complete conventional cytogenetic studies. However, conventional cytogenetics is still non-replaceable.

Zusammenfassung

Die Zytogenetik ist ein Teilgebiet der Genetik, das sich mit den Chromosomen beschäftigt. Die Anzahl der Chromosomen in einem Zellkern ist für die jeweilige Spezies hochspezifisch. Die Anordnung der Chromosomen, der so genannte Karyotyp, wird durch international standardisierte Nomenklaturen vorgegeben. Die prä-und postnatale Zytogenetik untersucht den angeborenen, konstitutionellen Karyotyp, während sich die Tumorzytogenetik mit erworbenen, tumorassoziierten Chromosomenaberrationen befasst. Chromosomenuntersuchungen an Hunden besitzen sowohl für Züchter, die beispielsweise mit Fertilitätsproblemen in ihrer Zucht konfrontiert sind, aber insbesondere auch für Tierärzte und damit letztendlich für die Hundebesitzer große Bedeutung. Hinzu kommt, dass in den letzten Jahren das Interesse am Hund als Modelltier für den Menschen gerade im Bereich der genetischen Erkrankungen kontinuierlich zugenommen hat. Der Karyotyp des Hundes gehört jedoch zu den kompliziertesten Karyotypen bei Säugetieren überhaupt. Er besteht aus 76 akrozentrischen Autosomen, die sich in Größe, Gestalt und Bandenmuster sehr ähneln, und den metazentrischen Geschlechtschromosomen. Erst vor ca. 15 Jahren konnte eine standardisierte Bandennomenklatur für den kaninen Karyotyp erstellt werden. Für die Chromosomenanalyse von kaninen Zellen werden die gleichen traditionellen Schritte der Chromosomenpräparation durchgeführt, die man aus der humanen Zytogenetik kennt. Bisher gibt es nur vereinzelte Berichte über chromosomale Anomalien in nicht neoplastischen Zellen des Hundes. In diesen Veröffentlichungen werden überwiegend Veränderungen der Geschlechtschromosomen (X und Y) beschrieben. Zytogenetische Untersuchungen an kaninen Tumoren unterschiedlichster Entitäten haben gezeigt, dass diese, ähnlich wie Tumoren des Menschen, häufig so genannte klonale Chromosomenanomalien aufweisen, die als potenzielle Diagnose-und Prognosemarker verwendet werden könnten. Der Einsatz modernster Techniken (lernfähige Computerprogramme, Integration molekulargenetischer Methoden) wird zytogenetische Untersuchungen an kaninen Zellen vereinfachen und ergänzen, sie aber nicht ersetzen können.

Key words

Chromosomes - genetic diseases - tumors - adaptive computer program - FISH - aCGH

Schlüsselwörter

Chromosomen - genetische Erkrankungen - Tumoren - lernfähige Computerprogramme - FISH - aCGH

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