Download PDF
Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie 2008; 02(03): 142-147
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1618635
Psychosoziales bei Adipositas
Schattauer GmbH

Stigmatisierende Einstellungen zur Adipositas in der deutschen Bevölkerung

Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen SurveyuntersuchungStigmatizing attitudes towards obesity in the German population – results ofa representative survey investigation
A. Hilbert
1   Fachbereich Psychologie, Arbeitsgruppe Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Philipps-Universität Marburg (Leiter: Prof. Dr. rer. soc. Winfried Rief)
,
J. Ried
1   Fachbereich Psychologie, Arbeitsgruppe Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Philipps-Universität Marburg (Leiter: Prof. Dr. rer. soc. Winfried Rief)
,
W. Rief
1   Fachbereich Psychologie, Arbeitsgruppe Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Philipps-Universität Marburg (Leiter: Prof. Dr. rer. soc. Winfried Rief)
,
E. Brähler
2   Selbständige Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universität Leipzig (Leiter: Prof. Dr. rer. biol. hum. habil. Elmar Brähler)
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
28 December 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Die Verbreitung stigmatisierender Einstellungen zur Adipositas in der Bevölkerung und die damit assoziierten psychologischen und soziodemografischen Determinanten zu bestimmen.

Methoden: In einer repräsentativen Surveyuntersuchung (n = 1000) wurden stigmatisierende Einstellungen zur Adipositas, Kausalattributionen, das Verständnis der Adipositas als Krankheit, Einschätzungen zu Prävalenz, Signifikanz und Chronizität der Adipositas und soziodemografische Merkmale erhoben.

Ergebnisse: Insgesamt zeigten 23,5 % der Befragten stigmatisierende Einstellungen, 21,5 % nicht und 55,0 % waren unentschieden. Prädiktoren für mehr Stigmatisierung waren Kausalattributionen auf das individuelle Verhalten, ein geringerer Bildungsstand und ein höheres Lebensalter. Kausalattributionen auf genetische Faktoren oder das Verständnis der Adipositas als Krankheit prädizierten dagegen ein geringeres Maß an Stigmatisierung.

Diskussion: Stigmatisierende Einstellungen zur Adipositas sind in der Bevölkerung verbreitet. Informationen zu Ätiologie und klinischer Relevanz der Adipositas könnten Ansatzpunkte für Stigmareduktion darstellen.

Summary

Objective: To determine stigmatizing attitudes towards obesity in the population, and its associated psychological and sociodemographic determinants.

Methods: In a representative survey investigation (n = 1000), stigmatizing attitudes towards obesity; causal attributions; the labeling of obesity as an illness; perceptions about prevalence, severity, and chronicity of obesity; and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed.

Results: A total of 23,5 % of participants held stigmatizing attitudes towards obesity, 21,5 % did not, and 55,0 % had undetermined attitudes. Predictors of greater stigmatization were more causal attributions of obesity to individual behavior, less education, and older age, while causal attributions of obesity to heredity and labeling obesity as an illness predicted less stigmatization.

Discussion: Stigmatizing attitudes towards obesity are prevalent in the population. Information about the etiology of obesity and the clinical relevance of this condition could support destigmatization efforts.

Schlüsselwörter

Stigma - Einstellungen - Kausalattributionen - bevölkerungsrepräsentativer Survey

Keywords

Stigma - attitudes - causal attributions - representative survey
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Annis NM, Cash TF, Hrabosky JI. Body image and psychosocial differences among stable average weight, currently overweight, and formerly overweight women: the role of stigmatizing experiences. Body Image 2004; 01: 155-167.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Canpolat BI, Orsel S, Akdemir A, Ozbay MH. The relationship between dieting and body image, body ideal, self-perception, and body mass index in Turkish adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 2005; 37: 150-155.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Carr D, Friedman MA. Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in the United States. J Health Soc Behav 2005; 46: 244-259.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Chambliss HO, Finley CE, Blair SN. Attitudes toward obese individuals among exercise science students. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 468-474.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Chen EY, Brown M. Obesity stigma in sexual relationships. Obes Res 2005; 13: 1393-1397.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Conway B, Rene A. Obesity as a disease: no lightweight matter. Obes Rev 2004; 05: 145-151.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Corrigan PW, Watson AC. The paradox of selfstigma and mental illness. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2002; 09: 35-53.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Crandall CS. Prejudice against fat people: ideology and self-interest. J Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 66: 882-894.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Crandall CS, Eshleman A. A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychol Bull 2003; 129: 414-446.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Crandall CS, Martinez R. Culture, ideology, and antifat attitudes. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1996; 22: 1165-1176.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Crandall CS, Moriarty D. Physical illness stigma and social rejection. Br J Soc Psychol 1995; 34: 67-83.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Crandall CS, D’Anello S, Sakalli N. et al. .An attribution-value model of prejudice: anti-fat attitudes in six nations. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2001; 27: 30-37.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Geier AB, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. “Before and after” diet advertisements escalate weight stigma. Eat Weight Disord 2003; 08: 282-288.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005; 366: 1197-1209.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hebl MR, Heatherton TF. The stigma of obesity in women: the difference is black and white. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1998; 24: 417-426.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Heshka S, Allison DB. Is obesity a disease?. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1401-1404.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Hilbert A, Rief W, Brähler E. What determines public support of obesity prevention?. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 61: 585-590.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Hilbert A, Rief W, Brähler E. Stigmatizing attitudes toward obesity in a representative populationbased sample. Obesity. 2008 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.263 [E-pub ahead of print].
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jackson TD, Grilo CM, Masheb RM. Teasing history, onset of obesity, current eating disorder psychopathology, body dissatisfaction, and psychological functioning in binge eating disorder. Obes Res 2000; 08: 451-458.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Jones EE, Farina A, Hastorf AH. et al. Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company; 1984
    Google Scholar
  • 22 King EB, Shapiro JR, Hebl MR. et al. The stigma of obesity in customer service: a mechanism for remediation and bottom-line consequences of interpersonal discrimination. J Appl Psychol 2006; 91: 579-593.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Latner JD, Stunkard AJ, Wilson GT. Stigmatized students: age, sex, and ethnicity effects in the stigmatization of obesity. Obes Res 2005; 13: 1226-1231.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Leventhal H, Benyamini Y, Brownlee S. et al. Illness representations: theoretical foundations. In: Petrie KJ, Weinman J. Perceptions of health and illness: Current research and applications. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1997: 19-45.
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Lewis RJ, Cash TF, Jacobi L, Bubb-Lewis C. Prejudice toward fat people: the development and validation of the antifat attitudes test. Obes Res 1997; 05: 297-307.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Martin JK, Pescosolido BA, Tuch SA. Of fear and loathing: the role of “disturbing behavior,” labels, and causal attributions in shaping public attitudes toward people with mental illness. J Health Soc Behav 2000; 41: 208-223.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Menec VH, Perry RP. Reactions to stigmas among Canadian students: testing an Attribution-Affect-Help Judgment Model. J Soc Psychol 1998; 138: 443-453.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Mensink GB, Lampert T, Bergmann E. Übergewicht und Adipositas in Deutschland 1984–2003. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2005; 48: 1348-1356.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Myers A, Rosen JC. Obesity stigmatization and coping: relation to mental health symptoms, body image, and self-esteem. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 221-230.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obes Res 1998; 06: 51S-209S.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan PJ, Rex J. New Moves: a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Prev Med 2003; 37: 41-51.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Perez-Lopez MS, Lewis RJ, Cash TF. The relationship of antifat attitudes to other prejudicial and gender-related attitudes. JAppl Soc Psychol 2001; 31: 683-697.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Bias, discrimination, and obesity. Obes Res 2001; 09: 788-805.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Ways of coping with obesity stigma: review and conceptual analysis. Eat Behav 2003; 04: 53-78.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity 2006; 14: 1802-1815.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Puhl RM, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Impact of perceived consensus on stereotypes about obese people: a new approach for reducing bias. Health Psychology 2005; 24: 517-525.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Rand CS, Wright BA. Continuity and change in the evaluation of ideal and acceptable body sizes across a wide age span. Int J Eat Disord 2000; 28: 90-100.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Rudman L, Feinberg J, Fairchild K. Minority members’ implicit attitudes: ingroup bias as a function of group status. Soc Cogn 2002; 20: 294-320.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Rush LL. Affective reactions to multiple social stigmas. J Soc Psychol 1998; 138: 421-430.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Schwartz MB, Vartanian LR, Nosek BA, Brownell KD. The influence of one’s own body weight on implicit and explicit anti-fat bias. Obesity 2006; 14: 440-447.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Schwartz MB, Chambliss HO, Brownell KD. et al. Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1033-1039.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Seidell JC, Nooyens AJ, Visscher TL. Cost-effective measures to prevent obesity: epidemiological basis and appropriate target groups. Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64: 1-5.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Teachman BA, Brownell KD. Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: is anyone immune?. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1525-1531.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Teachman BA, Gapinski KD, Brownell KD. et al. Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: the impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. Health Psychol 2003; 22: 68-78.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Visscher TL, Viet AL, Kroesbergen IH, Seidell JC. Underreporting of BMI in adults and its effect on obesity prevalence estimations in the period 1998 to 2001. Obesity 2006; 14: 2054-2063.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Wang SS, Brownell KD, Wadden TA. The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1333-1337.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Weiner B. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer; 1986
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Weiner B, Perry RP, Magnusson J. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 55: 738-748.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar