Semin Hear 2016; 37(03): 216-232
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584409
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to Functional Auditory Consequences of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Kathy R. Vander Werff
1   Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
20 July 2016 (online)

Abstract

This article reviews the auditory consequences of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) within the context of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Because of growing awareness of mTBI as a public health concern and the diverse and heterogeneous nature of the individual consequences, it is important to provide audiologists and other health care providers with a better understanding of potential implications in the assessment of levels of function and disability for individual interdisciplinary remediation planning. In consideration of body structures and function, the mechanisms of injury that may result in peripheral or central auditory dysfunction in mTBI are reviewed, along with a broader scope of effects of injury to the brain. The activity limitations and participation restrictions that may affect assessment and management in the context of an individual's personal factors and their environment are considered. Finally, a review of management strategies for mTBI from an audiological perspective as part of a multidisciplinary team is included.

 
  • References

  • 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Epidemiology and Rehabilitation. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention; 2014
  • 2 CDC, NIH, DOD, and VA Leadership Panel. Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Understanding the Public Health Problem among Current and Former Military Personnel. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Defense (DOD), and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). 2013. Available at: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/28994 . Accessed June 7, 2016
  • 3 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Report to Congress on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003
  • 4 Dikmen S, McLean A, Temkin N. Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49 (11) 1227-1232
  • 5 Katz RT, DeLuca J. Sequelae of minor traumatic brain injury. Am Fam Physician 1992; 46 (05) 1491-1498
  • 6 Rimel RW, Giordani B, Barth JT, Boll TJ, Jane JA. Disability caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery 1981; 9 (03) 221-228
  • 7 Iverson GL. Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18 (03) 301-317
  • 8 Ruff RM, Crouch JA, Tröster AI. , et al. Selected cases of poor outcome following a minor brain trauma: comparing neuropsychological and positron emission tomography assessment. Brain Inj 1994; 8 (04) 297-308
  • 9 Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM. , et al; WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 2004; 43 (Suppl): 84-105
  • 10 Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2 (7872): 81-84
  • 11 Gutierrez-Cadavid JE. Imaging of head trauma. In: Latchow RE, Kucharczyk J, Moselely ME. eds Imaging of the Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005: 869-904
  • 12 Gennarelli TA, Graham DI. Neuropathology of the head injuries. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 1998; 3 (03) 160-175
  • 13 Duncan CC, Kosmidis MH, Mirsky AF. Closed head injury-related information processing deficits: an event-related potential analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2005; 58 (2–3): 133-157
  • 14 Landau WM, Freygang Jr WH, Roland LP, Sokoloff L, Kety SS. The local circulation of the living brain; values in the unanesthetized and anesthetized cat. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1955; –1956;(80th Meeting): 125-129
  • 15 Sokoloff L. Localization of functional activity in the central nervous system by measurement of glucose utilization with radioactive deoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1 (01) 7-36
  • 16 Valiyaveettil M, Alamneh Y, Miller SA. , et al. Preliminary studies on differential expression of auditory functional genes in the brain after repeated blast exposures. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49 (07) 1153-1162
  • 17 Abd al-Hady MR, Shehata O, el-Mously M, Sallam FS. Audiological findings following head trauma. J Laryngol Otol 1990; 104 (12) 927-936
  • 18 Cockrell JL, Gregory SA. Audiological deficits in brain-injured children and adolescents. Brain Inj 1992; 6 (03) 261-266
  • 19 Griffiths MV. The incidence of auditory and vestibular concussion following minor head injury. J Laryngol Otol 1979; 93 (03) 253-265
  • 20 Jury MA, Flynn MC. Auditory and vestibular sequelae to traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. N Z Med J 2001; 114 (1134): 286-288
  • 21 Vartiainen E, Karjalainen S, Kärjä J. Auditory disorders following head injury in children. Acta Otolaryngol 1985; 99 (5–6): 529-536
  • 22 Barber HO. Head injury audiological and vestibular findings. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1969; 78 (02) 239-252
  • 23 Munjal SK, Panda NK, Pathak A. Relationship between severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and extent of auditory dysfunction. Brain Inj 2010; 24 (03) 525-532
  • 24 Oleksiak M, Smith BM, St Andre JR, Caughlan CM, Steiner M. Audiological issues and hearing loss among veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49 (07) 995-1004
  • 25 Vernon JA, Press LS. Characteristics of tinnitus induced by head injury. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120 (05) 547-551
  • 26 Folmer RL, Griest SE. Chronic tinnitus resulting from head or neck injuries. Laryngoscope 2003; 113 (05) 821-827
  • 27 Kreuzer PM, Landgrebe M, Schecklmann M, Staudinger S, Langguth B. ; TRI Database Study Group. Trauma-associated tinnitus: audiological, demographic and clinical characteristics. PLoS ONE 2012; 7 (09) e45599
  • 28 Kisilevski V, Podoshin L, Ben-David J. , et al. Results of otovestibular tests in mild head injuries. Int Tinnitus J 2001; 7 (02) 118-121
  • 29 Masson F, Maurette P, Salmi LR. , et al. Prevalence of impairments 5 years after a head injury, and their relationship with disabilities and outcome. Brain Inj 1996; 10 (07) 487-497
  • 30 Gottshall K, Drake A, Gray N, McDonald E, Hoffer ME. Objective vestibular tests as outcome measures in head injury patients. Laryngoscope 2003; 113 (10) 1746-1750
  • 31 Kleffelgaard I, Roe C, Soberg HL, Bergland A. Associations among self-reported balance problems, post-concussion symptoms and performance-based tests: a longitudinal follow-up study. Disabil Rehabil 2012; 34 (09) 788-794
  • 32 Lovell M, Collins M, Bradley J. Return to play following sports-related concussion. Clin Sports Med 2004; 23 (03) 421-441 , ix
  • 33 Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW. , et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290 (19) 2549-2555
  • 34 Baldassarre M, Smith B, Harp J. , et al. Exploring the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury exposure and the presence and severity of postconcussive symptoms among veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. PM R 2015; 7 (08) 845-858
  • 35 Hoffer ME, Balaban C, Gottshall K, Balough BJ, Maddox MR, Penta JR. Blast exposure: vestibular consequences and associated characteristics. Otol Neurotol 2010; 31 (02) 232-236
  • 36 Akin FW, Murnane OD. Head injury and blast exposure: vestibular consequences. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011; 44 (02) 323-334 , viii
  • 37 Fligor BJ, Cox LC, Nesathurai S. Subjective hearing loss and history of traumatic brain injury exhibits abnormal brainstem auditory evoked response: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83 (01) 141-143
  • 38 Greenberg RP, Becker DP, Miller JD, Mayer DJ. Evaluation of brain function in severe human head trauma with multimodality evoked potentials. Part 2: Localization of brain dysfunction and correlation with posttraumatic neurological conditions. J Neurosurg 1977; 47 (02) 163-177
  • 39 Hall III JW, Huangfu M, Gennarelli TA, Dolinskas CA, Olson K, Berry GA. Auditory evoked responses, impedance measures, and diagnostic speech audiometry in severe head injury. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983; 91 (01) 50-60
  • 40 Munjal SK, Panda NK, Pathak A. Dynamics of hearing status in closed head injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27 (02) 309-316
  • 41 Ottaviani F, Almadori G, Calderazzo AB, Frenguelli A, Paludetti G. Auditory brain-stem (ABRs) and middle latency auditory responses (MLRs) in the prognosis of severely head-injured patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 65 (03) 196-202
  • 42 Nölle C, Todt I, Seidl RO, Ernst A. Pathophysiological changes of the central auditory pathway after blunt trauma of the head. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21 (03) 251-258
  • 43 Schoenhuber R, Gentilini M, Orlando A. Prognostic value of auditory brain-stem responses for late postconcussion symptoms following minor head injury. J Neurosurg 1988; 68 (05) 742-744
  • 44 Noseworthy JH, Miller J, Murray TJ, Regan D. Auditory brainstem responses in postconcussion syndrome. Arch Neurol 1981; 38 (05) 275-278
  • 45 Rowe III MJ, Carlson C. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in postconcussion dizziness. Arch Neurol 1980; 37 (11) 679-683
  • 46 Schoenhuber R, Gentilini M. Auditory brain stem responses in the prognosis of late postconcussional symptoms and neuropsychological dysfunction after minor head injury. Neurosurgery 1986; 19 (04) 532-534
  • 47 Soustiel JF, Hafner H, Chistyakov AV, Barzilai A, Feinsod M. Trigeminal and auditory evoked responses in minor head injuries and post-concussion syndrome. Brain Inj 1995; 9 (08) 805-813
  • 48 Gallun FJ, Diedesch AC, Kubli LR. , et al. Performance on tests of central auditory processing by individuals exposed to high-intensity blasts. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49 (07) 1005-1025
  • 49 Vander Werff KR, Rieger B. Post-concussion brainstem neural processing in quiet and noise. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Midwinter Research Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology; February 22–26, 2014; San Diego, CA
  • 50 Potter DD, Bassett MR, Jory SH, Barrett K. Changes in event-related potentials in a three-stimulus auditory oddball task after mild head injury. Neuropsychologia 2001; 39 (13) 1464-1472
  • 51 Sivák S, Kurca E, Hladká M, Zelenák K, Turcanová-Koprusáková M, Michalik J. Early and delayed auditory oddball ERPs and brain MRI in patients with MTBI. Brain Inj 2008; 22 (02) 193-197
  • 52 Werner RA, Vanderzant CW. Multimodality evoked potential testing in acute mild closed head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72 (01) 31-34
  • 53 Alberti A, Sarchielli P, Mazzotta G, Gallai V. Event-related potentials in posttraumatic headache. Headache 2001; 41 (06) 579-585
  • 54 Papanicolaou AC, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Moore BD, Goethe KE, High Jr WM. Evoked potential correlates of posttraumatic amnesia after closed head injury. Neurosurgery 1984; 14 (06) 676-678
  • 55 Segalowitz SJ, Bernstein DM, Lawson S. P300 event-related potential decrements in well-functioning university students with mild head injury. Brain Cogn 2001; 45 (03) 342-356
  • 56 Solbakk AK, Reinvang I, Andersson S. Assessment of P3a and P3b after moderate to severe brain injury. Clin Electroencephalogr 2002; 33 (03) 102-110
  • 57 Thériault M, De Beaumont L, Gosselin N, Filipinni M, Lassonde M. Electrophysiological abnormalities in well functioning multiple concussed athletes. Brain Inj 2009; 23 (11) 899-906
  • 58 Wilson MJ, Harkrider AW, King KA. The effects of visual distracter complexity on auditory evoked p3b in contact sports athletes. Dev Neuropsychol 2014; 39 (02) 113-130
  • 59 Vander Werff KR, Rieger B. Cortical auditory processing in individuals with long-term symptoms following mild TBI. Paper presented at: 36th Annual Midwinter Research Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology; February 16–20, 2013; Baltimore, MD
  • 60 Bergemalm PO. Progressive hearing loss after closed head injury: a predictable outcome?. Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123 (07) 836-845
  • 61 Bergemalm PO, Borg E. Long-term objective and subjective audiologic consequences of closed head injury. Acta Otolaryngol 2001; 121 (06) 724-734
  • 62 Bergemalm PO, Lyxell B. Appearances are deceptive? Long-term cognitive and central auditory sequelae from closed head injury. Int J Audiol 2005; 44 (01) 39-49
  • 63 Flood GM, Dumas HM, Haley SM. Central auditory processing and social functioning following brain injury in children. Brain Inj 2005; 19 (12) 1019-1026
  • 64 Turgeon C, Champoux F, Lepore F, Leclerc S, Ellemberg D. Auditory processing after sport-related concussions. Ear Hear 2011; 32 (05) 667-670
  • 65 Saunders GH, Frederick MT, Arnold M, Silverman S, Chisolm TH, Myers P. Auditory difficulties in blast-exposed Veterans with clinically normal hearing. J Rehabil Res Dev 2015; 52 (03) 343-360
  • 66 Dennis KC. Current perspectives on traumatic brain injury. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Access Audiology 2009; 8 (04) 118
  • 67 Alderfer BS, Arciniegas DB, Silver JM. Treatment of depression following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2005; 20 (06) 544-562
  • 68 Vargas G, Rabinowitz A, Meyer J, Arnett PA. Predictors and prevalence of postconcussion depression symptoms in collegiate athletes. J Athl Train 2015; 50 (03) 250-255
  • 69 Lew HL, Cifu DX, Sigford B, Scott S, Sayer N, Jaffee MS. Team approach to diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury and its comorbidities. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007; 44 (07) vii-xi
  • 70 Lew HL, Otis JD, Tun C, Kerns RD, Clark ME, Cifu DX. Prevalence of chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and persistent postconcussive symptoms in OIF/OEF veterans: polytrauma clinical triad. J Rehabil Res Dev 2009; 46 (06) 697-702
  • 71 Verfaellie M, Lafleche G, Spiro III A, Tun C, Bousquet K. Chronic postconcussion symptoms and functional outcomes in OEF/OIF veterans with self-report of blast exposure. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013; 19 (01) 1-10
  • 72 Gatehouse S, Noble W. The Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ). Int J Audiol 2004; 43 (02) 85-99
  • 73 Banh J, Singh G, Pichora-Fuller MK. Age affects responses on the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) by adults with minimal audiometric loss. J Am Acad Audiol 2012; 23 (02) 81-91 , quiz 139–140
  • 74 Beebe D. Self-Reported Symptoms of Central Auditory Processing Dysfunction Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University; 2013
  • 75 Eyres S, Carey A, Gilworth G, Neumann V, Tennant A. Construct validity and reliability of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Clin Rehabil 2005; 19 (08) 878-887
  • 76 Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). San Antonio, TX: Psychology Corporation; 1996
  • 77 Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol 1989; 46 (10) 1121-1123
  • 78 Ventry IM, Weinstein BE. The hearing handicap inventory for the elderly: a new tool. Ear Hear 1982; 3 (03) 128-134
  • 79 Newman CW, Weinstein BE, Jacobson GP, Hug GA. Test-retest reliability of the hearing handicap inventory for adults. Ear Hear 1991; 12 (05) 355-357
  • 80 Newman CW, Weinstein BE, Jacobson GP, Hug GA. The Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults: psychometric adequacy and audiometric correlates. Ear Hear 1990; 11 (06) 430-433
  • 81 Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB. Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 122 (02) 143-148
  • 82 Jacobson GP, Newman CW. The development of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116 (04) 424-427
  • 83 Stulemeijer M, Andriessen TM, Brauer JM, Vos PE, Van Der Werf S. Cognitive performance after mild traumatic brain injury: the impact of poor effort on test results and its relation to distress, personality and litigation. Brain Inj 2007; 21 (03) 309-318
  • 84 Carone DA. Children with moderate/severe brain damage/dysfunction outperform adults with mild-to-no brain damage on the Medical Symptom Validity Test. Brain Inj 2008; 22 (12) 960-971
  • 85 Lew HL, Garvert DW, Pogoda TK. , et al. Auditory and visual impairments in patients with blast-related traumatic brain injury: effect of dual sensory impairment on Functional Independence Measure. J Rehabil Res Dev 2009; 46 (06) 819-826
  • 86 Smith SL, Bennett LW, Wilson RH. Prevalence and characteristics of dual sensory impairment (hearing and vision) in a veteran population. J Rehabil Res Dev 2008; 45 (04) 597-609
  • 87 Sarno S, Erasmus LP, Lipp B, Schlaegel W. Multisensory integration after traumatic brain injury: a reaction time study between pairings of vision, touch and audition. Brain Inj 2003; 17 (05) 413-426
  • 88 Nampiaparampil DE. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. JAMA 2008; 300 (06) 711-719
  • 89 Sherbourne CD, Asch SM, Shugarman LR. , et al. Early identification of co-occurring pain, depression and anxiety. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24 (05) 620-625
  • 90 Tunks ER, Crook J, Weir R. Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53 (04) 224-234
  • 91 Tate RL, Godbee K, Sigmundsdottir L. A systematic review of assessment tools for adults used in traumatic brain injury research and their relationship to the ICF. NeuroRehabilitation 2013; 32 (04) 729-750
  • 92 Pistarini C, Aiachini B, Coenen M, Pisoni C. ; Italian Network. Functioning and disability in traumatic brain injury: the Italian patient perspective in developing ICF Core Sets. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 33 (23–24): 2333-2345
  • 93 Sveen U, Ostensjo S, Laxe S, Soberg HL. Problems in functioning after a mild traumatic brain injury within the ICF framework: the patient perspective using focus groups. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 35 (09) 749-757
  • 94 Hickson L, Scarinci N. Older adults with acquired hearing impairment: applying the ICF in rehabilitation. Semin Speech Lang 2007; 28 (04) 283-290
  • 95 Cox RM, Alexander GC, Gray GA. Who wants a hearing aid? Personality profiles of hearing aid seekers. Ear Hear 2005; 26 (01) 12-26
  • 96 Bazarian JJ, Blyth B, Mookerjee S, He H, McDermott MP. Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27 (03) 527-539
  • 97 Preiss-Farzanegan SJ, Chapman B, Wong TM, Wu J, Bazarian JJ. The relationship between gender and postconcussion symptoms after sport-related mild traumatic brain injury. PM R 2009; 1 (03) 245-253
  • 98 Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A. , et al. Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6 (05) 568-579
  • 99 Olson-Madden JH, Brenner LA, Corrigan JD, Emrick CD, Britton PC. Substance use and mild traumatic brain injury risk reduction and prevention: a novel model for treatment. Rehabil Res Pract 2012; 2012: 174579
  • 100 Miller SC, Baktash SH, Webb TS. , et al. Risk for addiction-related disorders following mild traumatic brain injury in a large cohort of active-duty U.S. airmen. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170 (04) 383-390
  • 101 American Speech-Language Hearing Association. Traumatic brain injury in adults (practice portal). Available at: http://www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-in-Adults/ . Accessed September 3, 2015
  • 102 Henry JA, Zaugg TL, Myers PJ, Schechter MA. The role of audiologic evaluation in progressive audiologic tinnitus management. Trends Amplif 2008; 12 (03) 170-187
  • 103 Jastreboff PJ, Jastreboff MM. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) as a method for treatment of tinnitus and hyperacusis patients. J Am Acad Audiol 2000; 11 (03) 162-177
  • 104 Henry JA, Zaugg TL, Myers PJ. , et al. Pilot study to develop telehealth tinnitus management for persons with and without traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49 (07) 1025-1042
  • 105 Weightman MM, Leuty L. Vestibular assessment and intervention. In: Weightman MM, Radomski MV, Mashima PA. et al, eds. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Toolkit. Fort Sam Houston, TX: Borden Institute; 2014: 9-44
  • 106 Alsalaheen BA, Mucha A, Morris LO. , et al. Vestibular rehabilitation for dizziness and balance disorders after concussion. J Neurol Phys Ther 2010; 34 (02) 87-93
  • 107 Gottshall KR, Hoffer ME. Tracking recovery of vestibular function in individuals with blast-induced head trauma using vestibular-visual-cognitive interaction tests. J Neurol Phys Ther 2010; 34 (02) 94-97
  • 108 American Speech-Language Hearing Association. (Central) Auditory Processing Disorders [Technical Report]. Available at: http://www.asha.org/policy/TR2005-00043/ . Accessed June 2, 2016
  • 109 Saunders GH. Comparison with management of hearing impacts. In: Tyler C. ed. National Conference on the Management of Functional Visual Deficits in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute. San Francisco, CA: SK Press; 2013: 136-141
  • 110 Anderson S, White-Schwoch T, Choi HJ, Kraus N. Partial maintenance of auditory-based cognitive training benefits in older adults. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62: 286-296
  • 111 Sweetow RW, Sabes JH. The need for and development of an adaptive Listening and Communication Enhancement (LACE) program. J Am Acad Audiol 2006; 17 (08) 538-558
  • 112 Moncrieff DW, Wertz D. Auditory rehabilitation for interaural asymmetry: preliminary evidence of improved dichotic listening performance following intensive training. Int J Audiol 2008; 47 (02) 84-97
  • 113 Anderson KL, Goldstein H. Speech perception benefits of FM and infrared devices to children with hearing aids in a typical classroom. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2004; 35 (02) 169-184
  • 114 Boothroyd A. Hearing aid accessories for adults: the remote FM microphone. Ear Hear 2004; 25 (01) 22-33
  • 115 Jerger J, Chmiel R, Florin E, Pirozzolo F, Wilson N. Comparison of conventional amplification and an assistive listening device in elderly persons. Ear Hear 1996; 17 (06) 490-504
  • 116 Schafer EC, Thibodeau LM. Speech recognition in noise in children with cochlear implants while listening in bilateral, bimodal, and FM-system arrangements. Am J Audiol 2006; 15 (02) 114-126
  • 117 Johnston KN, John AB, Kreisman NV, Hall III JW, Crandell CC. Multiple benefits of personal FM system use by children with auditory processing disorder (APD). Int J Audiol 2009; 48 (06) 371-383
  • 118 Sharma M, Purdy SC, Kelly AS. A randomized control trial of interventions in school-aged children with auditory processing disorders. Int J Audiol 2012; 51 (07) 506-518
  • 119 Saunders GH, Frederick MT, Chisolm TH. , et al. Use of a frequency-modulated system for veterans with blast exposure, perceived hearing problems, and normal hearing sensitivity. Semin Hear 2014; 35 (03) 227-238
  • 120 Cornis-Pop M, Mashima PA, Roth CR. , et al. Guest editorial: cognitive-communication rehabilitation for combat-related mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49 (07) xi-xxxii
  • 121 Saunders GH, Echt KV. Blast exposure and dual sensory impairment: an evidence review and integrated rehabilitation approach. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49 (07) 1043-1058