Diagnosis, Therapy and Follow-Up of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents

Abbreviations

μg microgram
ABCC8 gene gene localization for the sulfonylurea receptor 1
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACR albumin creatinine ratio
ADA American Diabetes Association
ADHD attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
AER albumin excretion rate
AGA Working Group for Obesity/Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Adipositas
AGPD Working Group for Paediatric Diabetology/ Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie
AHCPR Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
AIHA autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Abs antibodies
ALT alanine transaminase = liver enzyme
APS Working Group for Paediatric Metabolic
Disorders/Arbeitsgemeinschaft für
Pädiatrische Stoffwechselstörungen
APS autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
AT1 blocker angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker
AWMF German Association of the Scientific Medical
Professional Societies/Arbeitsgemeinschaft
der wissenschaftlichen medizinischen
Fachgesellschaften
BABYDIAB German BabyDiab-Study (German baby
diabetes study)
BAR Federal Working Group for Rehabilitation/
Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft für Rehabilitation
BdKJ Association of Diabetic Children and Adolescents/
Bund diabetischer Kinder und Jugendlicher
BG blood glucose
BMI body mass index
BMI-SDS body mass index standard deviation score
BS blood sugar
CFRD cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
CGM continuous glucose monitoring
CK creatine kinase
C-peptide connecting peptide = part of proinsulin
CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin injection =
insulin pump
CT computed tomography
DAG German Obesity Society/Deutsche Adipositas
Gesellschaft
DAISY Diabetes Autoimmunity Study of the Young
(autoimmunity study for adolescents with
diabetes)
DCC-Trial Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
(study on the control and complications of
diabetes)
DDG German Diabetes Society/Deutsche
Diabetes Gesellschaft
DENIS German Nicotinamide Intervention Study/
Deutsche Nicotinamide-Intervention-Study
DEPS-R Diabetes Eating Problem Survey – Revised
DGE German Nutrition Society/Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Ernährung
DGEM German Society for Nutritional Medicine/
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin
DGKJP German Society for Paediatric and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy/
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderund
Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und
Psychotherapie
diab. diabetic
diabetesDE Diabetes Germany
DIAMYD Diamyd® Study
DIPP Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Project
DKA diabetic ketoacidosis
dl decilitre
DNSG Diabetes And Nutrition Study Group
DPT-1 Diabetes Prevention Trial – Type 1
DPM Diabetes patient management (documentation
system)
EASD European Association for the Study of
Diabetes
EDIC-Trial Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
Complications Trial = Follow-up Study of
the DCC Trial
EIF2AK3 gene locus for mutations leading to a
genetic syndrome with diabetes
EC evidence class (methodological quality of a
study according to criteria of evidencebased
medicine)
ECG electrocardiogram
EMA European Medicines Agency
European Nicotinamide Intervention Trial
ES educational support (therapeutic support in
parenting)
ethn. ethnic
fam. familiar
FES family environment scale = scale for the
evaluation of social characteristics and the
environment of families
FOXP3 gene locus for mutations leading to genetic
syndromes with diabetes
FST-D family system therapy for patients with
diabetes
fT3 free triiodothyronine
fT4 free thyroxine
g gram
GAD glutamate decarboxylase
GCK glucokinase
h hour
HbA1c glycated haemoglobin
HDL high-density lipoprotein
HHS hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome
HLA human leukocyte antigen
HNF hepatocyte nuclear factor
HTA health technology assessment = systematic
assessment of medical technologies,
procedures aids and organizational
structures, in which medical services are
provided
I.U. international unit(s)
i. m. intramuscular
IV intravenously
IA-2 tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 antibody
IAA insulin autoantibody
ICA islet cell antibody
ICT intensified conventional insulin therapy
IgA immunoglobulin A
IgG immunoglobulin G
INS insulin(s)
IPEX immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy
enteropathy X-linked syndrome
IPF-1 insulin promoter factor 1 = gene locus with
mutations leading to MODY-4 diabetes
IRMA intraretinal microvascular anomaly
ISPADISPAD International Society for Paediatric and
Adolescent Diabetes
ITP immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Y years
n/a not available
kcal kilocalories
KCNJ11 inward-rectifier potassium ion channel,
subfamily J, member 11
kg kilogram
BW body weight
Kir6.2 gene locus for KCNJ11
KJHG child and youth welfare law
l litre
LDL low-density lipoprotein
LGS low-glucose suspend
m2 square meters
max. maximum
mg milligram
micro microalbuminuria
min. minimum
avg. average
MJ megajoule
ml millilitre
mm millimetre
mmHg millimetres of mercury = used to measure
blood pressure
mmol millimole
mon month(s)
MODY maturity onset diabetes of the young (adult
diabetes in adolescents) = monogenetic
diabetes
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
n number
NaCl sodium chloride
NDM neonatal diabetes mellitus
NCV nerve conduction velocity
NPH insulin neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin
NYHA New York Heart Association classification
system for the severity of heart failure
OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
p p-value/probability value – exceeding
probability, statistical information
PAL value physical activity level (value for measuring
the daily physical activity expenditure)
Pat. patient(s)
pCO2 arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
pH potentia hydrogenii (capacity of hydrogen)
= negative logarithm of the hydrogen
ion concentration/activity, measure for
acidity of a medium
PLGM predictive low glucose management
PNDM permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus
RCT randomized controlled trial
RR Riva Rocci = arterial blood pressure, measured
according to the method of Riva Rocci
s. c. subcutaneous
SC standard care (standard treatment)
SEARCH search for diabetes in the youth study
(studies for the identification of diabetes in
children and adolescents)
SGB German Social Code Book/Sozialgesetzbuch
SIGN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
sign. significant
SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
STIKO Standing Vaccination Commission of the
Federal Republic of Germany/Ständige
Impfkommission der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland
SaP sensor-augmented pump therapy
SUR 1 sulphonylurea receptor 1
SaT sensor-augmented insulin therapy
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
daily daily
tTG-IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies
Tg thyroglobulin
TNDM transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
TPO thyroid peroxidase
TSHR thyrotropin receptor
TRIGR Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at the
Risk (Study on the reduction of diabetes mellitus
by immunodeficiency for genetical risks)
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropin
U unit
UK United Kingdom
esp. especially
vs. versus
WHO World Health Organization
c. a. condition after
CNS central nervous system
ZnT8 zinc transporter 8

NOTICE OF UPDATE

The DDG clinical practice guidelines are updated regularly during the second half of the calendar year. Please ensure that you read and cite the respective current version.

Publication History

Article published online:
11 April 2024

• References

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