Neuropsychiatrische Aspekte von COVID-19 – Eine narrative Übersicht

Zusammenfassung

Das Virus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2) und die von ihm ausgelöste Erkrankung COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) können zahlreiche Organsysteme betreffen. In vorliegender Arbeit bieten wir einen Überblick bezüglich des aktuellen Wissensstands über die psychiatrischen Aspekte der SARS-CoV-2 Infektion.

Die Datenbanken Medline, Embase und LIVIVO wurden nach relevanter Literatur untersucht, die letzte Abfrage erfolgte am 02.03.2021. Unterschiedliche Stressfaktoren im Rahmen der Epidemie können zu manifesten psychischen Erkrankungen führen. Zusätzlich besteht das Risiko psychischer Veränderungen durch die biologischen Effekte des Virus selbst.

Beschrieben werden in unserer Arbeit psychische Symptome von an COVID-19 Erkrankten selbst sowie die psychischen Auswirkungen der Epidemie und der damit einhergehenden sozioökonomischen und psychosozialen Stressfaktoren auch auf nicht Erkrankte.

Bei an COVID-19 Erkrankten zeigen sich als häufigste psychiatrische Komplikation das Auftreten von Delirien, bei hospitalisierten Patienten scheint es zu gehäuftem Auftreten von Symptomen von Angst, Depression und posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen zu kommen. Es liegen auch zahlreiche Kasuistiken über psychotische Störungen vor. Allgemein steigert eine vorliegende psychiatrische Erkrankung (besonders eine psychotische oder dementielle Störung) auch das Risiko einer Infektion und eines schweren Verlaufes. Nach Ablauf einer COVID-19-Infektion ist ebenfalls eine höhere Inzidenz von psychischen Erkrankungen zu finden, hier ist das „Chronic Post-SARS Syndrome“ mit seinen Ausprägungen wie Fatigue, Angst, Depression und PTSD zu nennen. Außerdem scheint der Verlauf einer dementiellen Erkrankung durch eine Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 negativ beeinflusst zu werden.

Ferner wird auf die Auswirkungen eingegangen, die das Bedrohungsszenario der Epidemie und die etablierten gesellschaftlichen Schutzmaßnahmen auf die psychische Gesundheit von Menschen mit und ohne psychische Vorerkrankungen haben. Es zeigen sich hier in der derzeit vorliegenden Literatur hohe Symptomwerte betreffend Angst- und depressiven Störungen sowie posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen, Stress, Suizidalität, Schlafstörungen, etc. Risikofaktoren scheinen unter anderem weibliches Geschlecht, jüngeres Alter und geringere Ressourcen sowie psychische oder körperliche Vorerkrankungen darzustellen. Extrinsische Faktoren wie z-B. hohes Infektionsgeschehen, große Anzahl von Todesfällen, lange Ausgangssperren/Lockdowns, geringes Vertrauen in die Regierung und ineffektive Maßnahmen gegen wirtschaftliche und soziale Folgen steigern die Belastung.

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2) and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) can affect numerous organ systems. In the present paper we offer an overview of the current state of knowledge about the psychiatric aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Medline, Embase und LIVIVO were searched for relevant literature, the last query dating from March 2nd, 2021. Different stress factors in the context of the pandemic can lead to manifest mental illnesses. In addition, there is a risk of neuropsychological changes due to the biological effects of the virus itself.

Our work describes the psychological symptoms of COVID-19 sufferers themselves and the psychological effects of the epidemic and the associated socio-economic and psychosocial stress factors on those who are not sick.

The most common psychiatric complication among people with COVID-19 is delirium, while hospitalized patients seem to have an increased incidence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD. There are many case reports on psychotic disorders. In general, an existing psychiatric illness (especially dementia and psychotic disorders) also increases the risk of infection and of a more severe course of the disease. After recovery from COVID-19 infection, there is also a higher incidence of mental illnesses, in particular “Chronic Post-SARS Syndrome” with its manifestations such as fatigue, anxiety, depression and PTSD. In addition, the course of dementia seems to be negatively influenced by an infection with SARS-CoV-2.

The second part deals with the effects of the epidemic as a stressor and the established socio-political measures on the mental health of people with and without previous mental illnesses. The literature currently available shows high symptom values for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as post-traumatic stress disorders, stress, suicidality, sleep disorders etc. Risk factors seem to include female gender, younger age and fewer resources, as well as previous psychiatric or physical illnesses. Extrinsic factors such as high infection rates, large numbers of deaths, long curfews/lockdowns, low trust in the government and ineffective measures against economic and social consequences increase the burden.

Schlüsselwörter

SARS-CoV-2 - Psychiatrie - psychische Gesundheit - Pandemie

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2 - psychiatry - mental health - pandemic

Publication History

Received: 10 March 2021

Accepted: 01 May 2021

Article published online:
02 August 2021

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