Download PDF
Horm Metab Res 2008; 40(6): 410-415
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1058100
Humans, Clinical

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Effect of Moderate-intensity Exercise Session on Preprandial and Postprandial Responses of Circulating Ghrelin and Appetite

D. Malkova 1 , R. McLaughlin 1 , 3 , E. Manthou 1 , A. M. Wallace 2 , M. A. Nimmo 4
  • 1Human Nutrition Section, Division of Developmental Medicine, Medical School, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
  • 2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
  • 3Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  • 4School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
Further Information

Publication History

received 07.05.2007

accepted 15.10.2007

Publication Date:
14 March 2008 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Responses of plasma total ghrelin and appetite were investigated during preprandial and postprandial stages of recovery from a moderate-intensity cycling session. Healthy recreationally active men underwent one exercise and one control trial. In the exercise trial, subjects exercised for approximately 60 minutes, while in the control trial they rested quietly for the same duration. After the intervention, subjects rested for 120 minutes and then consumed a test meal. Measurements were obtained immediately and 120 minutes after the intervention and then during 180 minutes of the postprandial period. The post-intervention concentration of total ghrelin was lower (p<0.05) in the exercise than in the control trial. The modulating effect of exercise was related to the reduction in the postprandial rather than preprandial concentration. Post-intervention scores of appetite were not different between the two trials, but when preprandial and postprandial responses were considered separately, postprandial hunger and desire to eat was higher (p<0.05) in the exercise trial. In summary, during recovery from moderate-intensity exercise, total ghrelin does not respond in a compensatory manner to disturbances in energy balance. Thus, an exercise-induced increase in appetite during the later stages of recovery coinciding with the postprandial state cannot be explained by changes in the plasma concentration of total ghrelin.

Key words

ghrelin - cytokines - insulin - leptin - appetite

References

  • 1 Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mondal MS, Suganuma T, Matsukura S, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans.  Endocrinology. 2000;  141 4255-4261
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach.  Nature. 1999;  402 656-660
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function.  Physiol Rev. 2005;  85 495-522
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Akamizu T, Shinomiya T, Irako T, Fukunaga M, Nakai Y, Nakai Y, Kangawa K. Separate measurement of plasma levels of acylated and desacyl ghrelin in healthy subjects using a new direct ELISA assay.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;  90 6-9
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, Matsukura S. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding.  Nature. 2001;  409 194-198
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;  86 5992-5995
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Cummings DE, Overduin J. Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake.  J Clin Invest. 2007;  117 13-23
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Tschop M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity.  Diabetes. 2001;  50 707-709
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, Date Y, Nakazato M, Okumura H, Hosoda H, Shimizu W, Yamagishi M, Oya H, Koh H, Yutani C, Kangawa K. Elevated circulating level of ghrelin in cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: relationships between ghrelin and anabolic/catabolic factors.  Circulation. 2001;  104 2034-2038
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y, Mondal MS, Tanaka M, Nozoe S, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Matsukura S. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;  87 240-244
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Tolle V, Kadem M, Bluet-Pajot MT, Frere D, Foulon C, Bossu C, Dardennes R, Mounier C, Zizzari P, Lang F, Epelbaum J, Estour B. Balance in ghrelin and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;  88 109-116
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Monti V, Carlson JJ, Hunt SC, Adams TD. Relationship of ghrelin and leptin hormones with body mass index and waist circumference in a random sample of adults.  J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;  106 822-828
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans.  Diabetes. 2001;  50 1714-1719
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Cummings DE, Frayo RS, Marmonier C, Aubert R, Chapelot D. Plasma ghrelin levels and hunger scores in humans initiating meals voluntarily without time- and food-related cues.  Am J Physiol. 2004;  287 297-304
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Akamizu T, Takaya K, Irako T, Hosoda H, Teramukai S, Matsuyama A, Tada H, Miura K, Shimizu A, Fukushima M, Yokode M, Tanaka K, Kangawa K. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and endocrine and appetite effects of ghrelin administration in young healthy subjects.  Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;  150 447-455
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Dall R, Kanaley J, Hansen TK, Moller N, Christiansen JS, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Jorgensen JO. Plasma ghrelin levels during exercise in healthy subjects and in growth hormone-deficient patients.  Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;  147 65-70
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Kallio J, Pesonen U, Karvonen MK, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Koulu M. Enhanced exercise-induced GH secretion in subjects with Pro7 substitution in the prepro-NPY.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;  86 5348-5352
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Schmidt A, Maier C, Schaller G, Nowotny P, Bayerle-Eder M, Buranyi B, Luger A, Wolzt M. Acute exercise has no effect on ghrelin plasma concentrations.  Horm Metab Res. 2004;  36 174-177
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Martins C, Morgan LM, Bloom SR, Robertson MD. Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite.  J Endocrinol. 2007;  193 251-258
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Pomerants T, Tillmann V, Karelson K, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T. Ghrelin response to acute aerobic exercise in boys at different stages of puberty.  Horm Metab Res. 2006;  38 752-757
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Acevedo EO, Johnson LG, Kraemer GR, Hebert EP, Castracane VD. Rigorous running increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I without altering ghrelin.  Exp Biol Med. 2004;  229 240-246
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Foster-Schubert KE, MacTiernan A, Frayo RS, Schwartz RS, Rajan KB, Yasui Y, Tworoger SS, Cummings DE. Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;  90 820-825
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Mackelvie KJ, Meneilly GS, Elahi D, Wong AC, Barr SI, Chanoine JP. Regulation of appetite in lean and obese adolescents following exercise: role of acylated and desacyl ghrelin.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;  92 648-654
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Hollander DB, Tryniecki JL, Hebert EP, Castracane VD. Ghrelin and other glucoregulatory hormone responses to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions.  Endocrine. 2004;  24 93-98
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Ghanbari-Niaki A. Ghrelin and glucoregulatory hormone responses to a single circuit resistance exercise in male college students.  Clin Biochem. 2006;  10 966-970
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Vestergaard ET, Dall R, Lange KH, Kjaer M, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen JO. The ghrelin response to exercise before and after growth hormone administration.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;  92 297-303
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Broom DR, Stensel DJ, Bishop NC, Burns SF, Miyashita M. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans.  J Appl Physiol. 2007;  102 2165-2171
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Hill JO. Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity an energy balance perspective.  Endocrine Rev. 2006;  27 750-761
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Toshinai K, Mondal MS, Nakazato M, Date Y, Murakami N, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Matsukura S. Upregulation of ghrelin expression in the stomach upon fasting, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and leptin administration.  Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 2001;  281 1220-1225
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Flanagan DE, Evans ML, Monsod TP, Rife F, Heptulla RA, Tamborlane WV, Sherwin RS. The influence of insulin on circulating ghrelin.  Am J Physiol. 2003;  284 313-316
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Zoladz JA, Konturek SJ, Duda K, Majerczak J, Sliwowski Z, Grandys M, Bielanski W. Effect of moderate incremental exercise, performed in fed and fasted state on cardio-respiratory variables and leptin and ghrelin concentrations in young healthy men.  J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;  56 63-85
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Patterson CM, Levin BE. Role of exercise in the central regulation of energy homeostasis and in the prevention of obesity.  Neuroendocrinology. 2007 Mar 19;  , [Epub ahead of print]
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Frayn KN. Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange.  J Appl Physiol. 1983;  55 628-634
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Holland B, Welch AA, Unwin ID, Buss DH, Paul AA, Southgate DAT. McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1991
  • 35 Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years.  Br J Nutr. 1974;  32 77-97
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies.  Int J Obesity. 2000;  24 38-48
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 King NA, Burley VJ, Blundell JE. Exercise-induced suppression of appetite: effects on food intake and implications for energy balance.  Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994;  48 715-724
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 King NA, Blundell JE. High-fat foods overcome the energy expenditure induced by high-intensity cycling or running.  Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;  49 114-123
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 King NA, Snell L, Smith RD, Blundell JE. Effects of short-term exercise on appetite responses in unrestrained females.  Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;  50 663-667
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Hubert P. Uncoupling the effects of energy expenditure and energy intake: appetite response to short-term energy deficit induced by meal omission and physical activity.  Appetite. 1998;  31 9-19
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Imbeault P, Saint-Pierre S, Almeras N, Tremblay A. Acute effects of exercise on energy intake and feeding behaviour.  Br J Nutr. 1997;  77 511-521
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Schjerling P. Exercise and interleukin-6.  Curr Opin Hematol. 2001;  8 137-141
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Weickert MO, Spranger J, Holst JJ, Otto B, Koebnick C, Mohlig M, Pfeiffer AF. Wheat-fibre-induced changes of postprandial peptide YY and ghrelin responses are not associated with acute alterations of satiety.  Br J Nutr. 2006;  96 795-798
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Gordon ME, MacKeever KH, Betros CL, Manso Filho HC. Exercise-induced alterations in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in horses.  Vet J. 2007;  173 532-540
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar

Correspondence

Prof. M.A. Nimmo

School of Sport and Exercise Sciences

Loughborough University

Ashby Road

Loughborough

Leicestershire

LE11 3TU

United Kingdom

Phone: +44 (0)1509/22 63 11

Fax: +44 (0)1509/22 63 01

Email: m.a.nimmo@lboro.ac.uk