Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1004770
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Lipid- und Blutzuckersenkung zur Reduktion des kardiovaskulären Risikos
Publication History
Publication Date:
07 April 2008 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/ds/200802/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-2008-1004770-1.jpg)
Einleitung
Im Juni 2007 wurde die europäische Charta für Herzgesundheit ins Leben gerufen vor dem Hintergrund, dass Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen in Europa bei Männern und Frauen Todesursache Nummer 1 sind, und mit dem Ziel, das Auftreten dieser deutlich zu senken. Bei der klinischen Risikostratifizierung von Patienten wird in allgemein anerkannten Leitlinien bzw. Empfehlungen die Diagnose eines Diabetes mellitus als Risikoäquivalent zu einer manifesten koronaren Herzerkrankung (KHK) bei Nichtdiabetikern bewertet, d. h. Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus gelten per se als Hochrisikopatienten [1] [2].
Literatur
- 1 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285 2486-2497
- 2 American Diabetes Association . Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31 (Suppl 1) S4-S54
- 3 Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators et al.,. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 937-952
- 4 Huxley R, Barzi F, Woodward M. Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2006; 332 73-76
- 5 Haffner S M, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339 229-243
- 6 Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T et al. Type 2 Diabetes as a “coronary heart disease equivalent”. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28 2901-2907
- 7 Kerner W, Fuchs C, Redaèlli M et al. Definition, Klassifikation und Diagnostik des Diabetes mellitus. In: Scherbaum WA, Lauterbach KW, Joost HG (Hrsg). Evidenzbasierte Diabetes-Leitlinien. DDG 2005
- 8 Alberti K G, Zimmet P Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998; 15 539-553
- 9 Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A et al. High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in Southern Germany: Target populations for efficient screening. The KORA Survey 2000. Diabetologia. 2003; 46 182-189
- 10 Qiao Q, Jousilahti P, Eriksson J et al. Predictive properties of impaired glucose tolerance for cardiovascular risk are not explained by the development of overt diabetes during follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 2910-2914
- 11 Bartnik M, Ryden L, Ferrari R Euro Heart Survey Investigators et al.,. The prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease across Europe. The Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25 1990-1997
- 12 The DECODE study group . Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet. 1999; 35 617-621 , Comment in Lancet 1999; 354: 610-614
- 13 Ridker P M, Buring J E, Cook N R et al. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and riks of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003; 107 391-397
- 14 Alexander G M, Landman P B, Teutsch S M et al. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants aged 50 years and older. Diabetes. 2003; 52 1210
- 15 Ninomiya J K, L'Italien G, Criqui M H et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004; 209 42-46
- 16 Betteridge D J, Krone W, Müller-Wieland D. Dyslipidemia and diabetes. In: Goldstein BJ, Müller-Wieland D (eds). Textbook of Type 2 Diabetes. Martin Dunitz, London 2003; 343-355
- 17 Krauss R M. Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27 1496-1504
- 18 Rubins H B, Robins S J, Collins D Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group et al., for the. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341 410-418
- 19 Arcavi L, Behar S, Caspi A et al. High fasting glucose levels as a predictor of worse clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: results from Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Am Heart J. 2004; 147 239-245
- 20 The FIELD Study Investigators . The need for a large-scale trial of fibrate therapy in diabetes: rationale and design of the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2004; 3 1-9
- 21 Kearney P M, Blackwell L, Collins R Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) Collaborators et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18 686 people with diabetes in 14 randomized trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008; 371 117-125
- 22 The task force on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases of the European society of cardiology (ESC) and of the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD) . Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28 88-136
- 23 Grundy M S, Cleeman J I, Merz C NB et al. Implication of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004; 110 227-239
- 24 Todd J, Farmer J A. Optimal low-density lipoprotein levels: evidence from epidemiology and clinical trials. Curr Atherosclerosis Rep. 2006; 8 157-162
- 25 Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group . MRC / BHF heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering with Simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361 2005-2026
- 26 Colhoun H M, Betteridge D J, Durrington P N on behalf of the CARDS investigators et al.,. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabets in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 364 685-696
- 27 Cannon C P, Braunwald E, McCabe C H Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators et al., for the. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350 1495-1504
- 28 Nissen S E, Tuzcu E M, Schoenhagen P REVERSAL Investigators et al., for the. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291 1071-1080
- 29 Nissen S E, Nicholls S J, Sipahi I ASTEROID Investigators et al., for the. Effect of Very High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis. The ASTEROID Trial. JAMA. 2006; 295 1556-1565
- 30 Wiviott S D, Cannon C P, Morrow D A PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators et al. Can low-density lipoprotein be too low? The safety and efficacy of achieving very low low-density lipoprotein with intensive statin therapy: a PROVE IT-TIMI 22 substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46 1411-1416
- 31 Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R et al. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 1220-1226
- 32 Peters A L, Davidson M B, Schriger D L et al. Clinical approach for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: an analysis using glycosylated haemoglobin levels. JAMA. 1996; 276 1246-1252
- 33 The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial / Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT / EDIC) Study Research Group . Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 2643-2653
- 34 Chiasson J L, Josse R G, Gomis R STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group et al., for the . Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. JAMA. 2003; 290 486-494
- 35 UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group . Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 43). Lancet. 1998; 352 854-865
- 36 Dormandy J A, Charbonnel B, Eckland D J PROactive investigators et al.,. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial in macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366 1279-1289
- 37 Charbonnel B, Dormandy J, Erdmann E PROactive Study Group et al.,. The prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events (PROactive): can pioglitazone reduce cardiovascular events in diabetes? Study design and baseline characteristics of 5238 patients. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27 1647-1653
- 38 Erdmann E, Dormandy J A, Charbonnel B PROactive Investigators et al.,. The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 49 1772-1780
- 39 Wilcox R, Bousser M G, Betteridge D J PROactive Investigators et al.,. Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and previous stroke: results from the PROactive (PROspective pioglitazone Clinical Trial In macrovascular Events 04). Stroke. 2007; 38 865-873
- 40 Singh S, Loke Y K, Furberg C D. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007; 298 1189-1195
- 41 Solomon D H, Winkelmayr W C. Cardiovascular risk and the thiazolidinediones: déjà vu all over again?. JAMA. 2007; 298 1216-1218
-
42
- 43 Anselmino M, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K on behalf of the Euro Heart Survey Investigators et al.,. Glucose lowering treatment in patients with coronary artery disease is prognostically important not only in established but also in newly detected diabetes mellitus: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29 177-184
- 44 Suleiman M, Hammerman H, Boulos M et al. Fasting glucose is an important independent risk factor for 30-day mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2005; 111 754-760
- 45 Kosiborod M, Inzucchi S E, Krimholz H M et al. Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: Defining the optimal outcome-based measure of risk. Circulation. 2008; 117 1018-1027
- 46 Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H et al. Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1999; 99 2626-2632
- 47 Malmberg K, Rydén L, Wedel H DIGAMI 2 Investigators et al., for the. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26 650-661
- 48 Mehta S R, Yusuf S, Diaz R CREATE-ECLA Trial Group Investigators et al.,. Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the CREATE-ECLA randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005; 293 489-491
- 49 Cheung N W, Wong V W, McLean M. The hyperglycemia: Intensive insulin infusion in infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 765-770
- 50 Deewania P, Kosiborod M, Barrett E et al. Hyperglycemia and acute coronary syndrome. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2008; 117 25
- 51 Goede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving H H et al. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358 580-591
- 52 Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348 383-393
Prof. Dr. D. Müller-Wieland
I. Medizinische Abteilung sowie Herz-Gefäß- und Diabetes-Zentrum des AK St. Georg · Institut für Diabetes-Forschung der Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH
Lohmühlenstraße 5
20099 Hamburg
Email: dirk.mueller-wieland@ak-stgeorg.lbk-hh.de