Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-815028
Hirnparenchym-Sonographie zur Früh- und Differenzialdiagnostik der Parkinson-Krankheit
Brain Parenchyma Sonography for Early and Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's DiseasePublication History
Publication Date:
27 August 2004 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die Hirnparenchym-Sonographie ist ein nicht invasives bildgebendes Verfahren, das aufgrund seines eigenständigen physikalischen Prinzips die Ergebnisse konventioneller bildgebender Untersuchungen des Gehirns erweitert. Bei Patienten mit idiopathischer Parkinson-Krankheit (IPK) oder hereditärem Parkinsonismus infolge Parkin-Mutation findet sich eine charakteristische Vergrößerung des Schallechos (Hyperechogenität) der Substantia nigra (SN), die bereits in präsymptomatischen Stadien nachweisbar ist und künftig als präklinischer Risikomarker genutzt werden könnte. Als Ursache der SN-Hyperechogenität werden erhöhte Konzentrationen von Eisen angenommen, das nicht an Ferritin, sondern an alternative Proteine gebunden ist. Bei Patienten mit Multisystematrophie (MSA) und progressiver supranuklärer Blickparese (PSP) liegt typischerweise eine normale SN-Echogenität vor, während Patienten mit kortikobasaler Degeneration (CBD) und Demenz bei diffuser Lewy-Körperchen-Krankheit (DLB) ebenfalls eine SN-Hyperechogenität aufweisen. Die klinisch oft schwierige Differenzierung zwischen IPK und MSA/PSP bzw. zwischen PSP und CBD wird über die Messung der SN-Echogenität bereits im Frühstadium erleichtert. Weitere sonographische Befunde können zur Syndromdiskrimination beitragen. Eine abnorme Hyperechogenität des Nucleus lentiformis ist nur bei einem Drittel der IPK- und DLB-Patienten nachweisbar, jedoch bei etwa 80 % der MSA-, PSP- und CBD-Patienten. Für die PSP ist eine Dilatation des dritten Ventrikels über 10 mm charakteristisch. Die Hirnparenchym-Sonographie stellt ein neues Werkzeug zur Früh- und Differenzialdiagnostik von Parkinson-Syndromen dar.
Abstract
Brain parenchyma sonography is a non-invasive imaging technique extending the results of conventional imaging methods because of its different physical principle. In patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) or with parkinsonism due to parkin mutation a highly characteristic enlargement of the ultrasound signal (hyperechogenicity) of the substantia nigra (SN) can be detected that is already present in presymptomatic stages and could be used in future as a preclinical risk marker. SN hyperechogenicity is thought to be caused by increased amounts of iron bound to proteins other than ferritin. In patients with multiple-system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) typically a normoechogenic SN is found, whereas patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and dementia with diffuse Lewy bodies (DLB) also exhibit SN hyperechogenicity. Clinical differentiation of IPD vs. MSA/PSP and of PSP vs. CBD, which is often difficult, is supported already in early stages by measurement of SN echogenicity. Further sonographic findings may improve syndrome discrimination. Abnormal lenticular-nucleus hyperechogenicity is present only in one-third of IPD and DLB patients, but in about 80 % of MSA, PSP and CBD patients. Third-ventricle dilatation exceeding 10 mm is characteristic for PSP. Brain parenchyma sonography represents a new tool for early diagnosis and discrimination of parkinsonian disorders.
Literatur
- 1 Becker G, Krone A, Schmitt K. et al . Preoperative and postoperative follow-up in brain tumors: comparison of transcranial color-coded real-time sonography and computed tomography findings. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1995; 21 1123-1135
- 2 Seidel G, Kaps M, Dorndorf W. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracerebral hematomas in adults. Stroke. 1993; 24 1519-1527
- 3 Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T, Hutzelmann A. Evaluation of the ventricular system in adults by transcranial duplex sonography. J Neuroimaging. 1995; 5 105-108
- 4 Gerriets T, Stolz E, Modrau B. et al . Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in hemispheric infarctions. Neurology. 1999; 52 45-49
- 5 Becker G, Seufert J, Bogdahn U. et al . Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson's disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology. 1995; 45 182-184
- 6 Naumann M, Becker G, Toyka K V. et al . Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography. Neurology. 1996; 47 1284-1290
- 7 Postert T, Lack B, Kuhn W. et al . Basal ganglia alterations and brain atrophy in Huntington's disease depicted by transcranial real time sonography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999; 67 457-462
- 8 Berg D, Becker G, Zeiler B. et al . Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound. Neurology. 1999; 53 1026-1031
- 9 Berg D, Siefker C, Ruprecht-Dorfler P, Becker G. Relationship of substantia nigra echogenicity and motor function in elderly subjects. Neurology. 2001; 56 13-17
- 10 Berg D, Jabs B, Merschdorf U. et al . Echogenicity of substantia nigra determined by transcranial ultrasound correlates with severity of parkinsonian symptoms induced by neuroleptic therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2001; 50 463-467
- 11 Berg D, Siefker C, Becker G. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and its relation to clinical findings. J Neurol. 2001; 8 684-689
- 12 Walter U, Wittstock M, Benecke R, Dressler D. Substantia nigra echogenicity is normal in non-extrapyramidal cerebral disorders but increased in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 2002; 109 191-196
- 13 Walter U, Niehaus L, Probst T. et al . Brain parenchyma sonography discriminates Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Neurology. 2003; 60 74-77
- 14 Sommer U, Gahn G, Becker G, Reichmann H. Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra (SN) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson syndrome (IPS), atypical Parkinson syndrome and controls. Parkinsonism Rel Disord. 2001; 7 (Suppl) S18-19
-
15 Becker G, Griewing B.
Untersuchungstechniken. In: Bogdahn U, Becker G, Schlachetzki F (Hrsg) Echosignalverstärker und transkranielle Farbduplex-Sonographie. Berlin, Wien; Blackwell Wiss.-Verl 1998: 219-231 - 16 Walter U, Benecke R, Dressler D. Hirnparenchym-Sonographie bei Bewegungsstörungen. Nervenheilkunde. 2002; 21 58-63
- 17 Becker T, Becker G, Seufert J. et al . Parkinson's disease and depression: evidence for an alteration of the basal limbic system detected by transcranial sonography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997; 63 590-596
- 18 Becker G, Becker T, Struck M. et al . Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study. Biol Psychiatry. 1995; 38 180-184
- 19 Walter U, Dressler D, Benecke R. Differential findings on brain parenchyma sonography in tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Ann Neurol. 2003; 54 (Suppl 7) S41
- 20 Dexter D T, Jenner P, Schapira A HV, Marsden C D. Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Ann Neurol. 1992; 32 (Suppl) S94-100
- 21 Double K L, Gerlach M, Youdim M B, Riederer P. Impaired iron homeostasis in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 2000; 60 (Suppl) 37-58
- 22 Riederer P, Sofic E, Rausch W D. et al . Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione, and ascorbic acid in Parkinsonian brains. J Neurochem. 1989; 52 515-520
- 23 Berg D, Hoggenmüller U, Hofmann E. et al . The basal ganglia in haemochromatosis. Neuroradiology. 2000; 42 9-13
- 24 Berg D, Roggendorf W, Schroder U. et al . Echogenicity of the substantia nigra: association with increased iron content and marker for susceptibility to nigrostriatal injury. Arch Neurol. 2002; 59 999-1005
- 25 Felletschin B, Bauer P, Walter U. et al . Screening for mutations of the ferritin light and heavy genes in Parkinson's disease patients with hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett. 2003; 352 53-56
- 26 Fearnley J M, Lees A J. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain. 1991; 114 2283-2301
- 27 Walter U, Klein C, Hilker R. et al .Brain parenchyma sonography detects preclinical parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2004 (im Druck)
- 28 Ruprecht-Dorfler P, Berg D, Tucha O. et al . Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in relatives of patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage. 2003; 18 416-422
- 29 Schuurman A G, Akker M van den, Ensinck K T. et al . Increased risk of Parkinson's disease after depression: a retrospective cohort study. Neurology. 2002; 58 1501-1504
- 30 Doty R L, Deems D A, Stellar S. Olfactory dysfunction in parkinsonism: a general deficit unrelated to neurologic signs, disease stage, or disease duration. Neurology. 1988; 38 1237-1244
- 31 Müller A, Abolmaali N, Hummel T, Reichmann H. Riechstörungen - ein frühes Kardinalsymptom des idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms. Akt Neurol. 2003; 30 239-243
- 32 Sommer U, Hummel T, Cormann K. et al .Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson's disease: combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT. Mov Disord 2004 (im Druck)
- 33 Mankovsky N B, Weinstock A B, Artemenko A V. Echoenzephalographische Untersuchungen bei Parkinsonismus unterschiedlicher Ätiologie (Artikel in Russisch). Vrach Delo. 1972; 12 91-95
- 34 Dickson D W, Anderton B, Morris H. et al . International Medical Workshop covering progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy and corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord. 2001; 16 382-395
- 35 Hughes A J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Daniel S E, Lees A J. What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's disease: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 1992; 42 1142-1146
- 36 Hughes A J, Daniel S E, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lees A J. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain. 2002; 125 861-870
- 37 Litvan I, Agid Y, Goetz C. et al . Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 1997; 48 119-125
- 38 Lang A E. Corticobasal degeneration: selected developments. Mov Disord. 2003; 18 (Suppl 6) S51-56
- 39 Berg D, Naumann M, Hoggenmüller U. et al . Differences of echogenicity and T2 relaxation time of the nucleus lentiformis in MSA and PSP as compared to Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2000; 15 (Suppl 3) 206-207
- 40 Walter U, Dressler D, Wolters A. et al .Sonographical discrimination of corticobasal degeneration versus progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 2004 (im Druck)
- 41 Revesz T, Holton J L. Anatomopathological spectrum of tauopathies. Mov Disord. 2003; 18 (Suppl 6) S13-20
- 42 Benecke R. Diffuse Lewy body disease - a clinical syndrome or a disease entity?. J Neurol. 2003; 250 (Suppl 1) 139-142
Dr. Uwe Walter
Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie · Universität Rostock
Gehlsheimer Straße 20
18147 Rostock
Email: uwe.walter@med.uni-rostock.de