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DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-42814
Differenzialdiagnose und medikamentöse Therapie neurogener Blasenstörungen
Differential Diagnosis and Pharmacological Treatment of Neurogenic Disorders of Micturition Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel basiert auf folgendem ausführlicheren Buchkapitel: Weller M. Neurogene Störungen von Blasen-, Darm- und Sexualfunktion. In: Brandt T, Dichgans J, Diener HC (Hrsg): Therapie und Verlauf neurologischer Erkrankungen. 4. Auflage. München: Kohlhammer, 2003, im DruckPublication History
Publication Date:
09 October 2003 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Neurogene Störungen der Blasenfunktion treten im Verlauf zahlreicher neurologischer Erkrankungen auf. Maßgeblich für den Typ der neurogenen Blasenstörung ist die Topografie der Läsion im Nervensystem. Die reine Detrusorhyperreflexie ist klinisch durch imperativen Harndrang ohne Restharnbildung gekennzeichnet und tritt vor allem bei suprapontinen Läsionen auf. Sie ist die typische neurogene Blasenstörung bei idiopathischem Parkinson-Syndrom, Morbus Alzheimer, Schlaganfall und Hirntumoren. Die Sphinkter-Detrusor-Dyssynergie unterscheidet sich von der reinen Detrusorhyperreflexie durch die inkomplette Blasenentleerung (Restharnbildung) bei imperativem Harndrang. Typische Läsionshöhe ist das Rückenmark zwischen pontinem Blasenzentrum und Sakralmark. Ursachen sind vor allem multiple Sklerose, Rückenmarkverletzungen und andere Erkrankungen des Rückenmarks. Bei der Detrusorareflexie erfolgt trotz zunehmender Blasenfüllung keine reflektorische Blasenentleerung (Überlaufblase). Der Detrusorareflexie liegen Läsionen des Sakralmarks, des lumbosakralen Plexus oder der peripheren Nerven z. B. durch multiple Sklerose oder Radikulopathien oder Neuropathien unterschiedlicher Genese zugrunde. Die Detrusorhyperreflexie wird in erster Linie medikamentös mit Anticholinergika unter Kontrolle der Restharnmengen behandelt. Die medikamentöse Behandlung der Sphinkter-Detrusor-Dyssynergie mit α-adrenergen Antagonisten ist weniger erfolgreich. Für viele Patienten ist die Kombination aus intermittierendem Katheterismus und Anticholinergika die beste Therapie. Bei der Detrusorareflexie ist die medikamentöse Behandlung in der Regel nicht wirksam, so dass intermittierender Katheterismus oder die Anlage eines Dauerkatheters erforderlich werden. Zur Prävention aszendierender Infektionen mit Urosepsis werden regelmäßige Urinkontrollen, evtl. die Ansäuerung des Urins und die konsequente Behandlung von Infekten der ableitenden Harnwege empfohlen.
Abstract
Neurogenic disorders of micturition are a feature of numerous neurological diseases. The topography of the lesion determines the type of bladder disturbance. Detrusor hyperreflexia is characterized by urge incontinence without urinary retention and commonly seen with suprapontine lesions, e. g., in patients with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, stroke or brain tumors. Sphincter detrusor dyssynergia is also characterized by urge incontinence, but distinguished from detrusor hyperreflexia by the presence of urinary retention. This type of bladder disturbance typically develops with lesions of the spinal cord distal to the pontine micturition centre, but proximal to the sacral cord, and caused by multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries or other diseases of the spinal cord. Detrusor areflexia features the failure of reflexive detrusor activity in response to progressive bladder filling. This condition involves lesions of the sacral cord, lumbosacral plexus or peripheral nerves and is observed in patients with multiple sclerosis or various radiculopathies or neuropathies. Anticholinergics are often an effective treatment for detrusor hyperreflexia, although they may promote urinary retention. The pharmacological management of sphincter detrusor dyssynergia using α-adrenergic antagonists is less often successful, and many affected patients are best treated with intermittent catheterization and anticholinergics. Detrusor areflexia is commonly unresponsive to medication and requires intermittent or permanent catheterization. Frequent urinanalyses, urine acidification and prompt treatment of lower urinary tract infections may prevent ascending infections with urosepsis and other secondary complications.
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Prof. Dr. med. Michael Weller
Neurologische Klinik der Universität Tübingen
Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3
72076 Tübingen
Email: michael.weller@uni-tuebingen.de