Is Protein Import into Plastids with Four-Membrane Envelopes Dependent on Two Toc Systems Operating in Tandem?

Abstract

Plastids with four-membrane envelopes have evolved by several independent endosymbioses involving a eukaryotic alga as the endosymbiont and a protozoan predator as the host. It is assumed that their outermost membrane is derived from the phagosomal membrane of the host and that protein targeting to and across this membrane proceeds co-translationally, including ER and the Golgi apparatus (e.g., chlorarachniophytes) or only ER (e.g., heterokonts). Since the two inner membranes (or the plastid envelope) of such a complex plastid are derived from the endosymbiont plastid, they are probably provided with Toc and Tic systems, enabling post-translational passage of the imported proteins into the stroma. The third envelope membrane, or the periplastid one, originates from the endosymbiont plasmalemma, but what import apparatus operates in it remains enigmatic. Recently, Cavalier-Smith (1999[5]) has proposed that the Toc system, pre-existing in the endosymbiont plastid, has been relocated to the periplastid membrane, and that plastids having four envelope membranes contain two Toc systems operating in tandem and requiring the same targeting sequence, i.e., the transit peptide. Although this model is parsimonious, it encounters several serious obstacles, the most serious one resulting from the complex biogenesis of Toc75 which forms a translocation pore. In contrast to most proteins targeted to the outer membrane of the plastid envelope, this protein carries a complex transit peptide, indicating that a successful integration of the Toc system into the periplastid membrane would have to be accompanied by relocation of the stromal processing peptidase to the endosymbiont cytosol. However, such a relocation would be catastrophic because this enzyme would cleave the transit peptide off all plastid-destined proteins, thus disabling biogenesis of the plastid compartment. Considering these difficulties, I suggest that in periplastid membranes two Toc-independent translocation apparatuses have evolved: a porin-like channel in chlorarachniophytes and cryptophytes, and a vesicular pathway in heterokonts and haptophytes. Since simultaneous evolution of a new transport system in the periplastid membrane and in the phagosomal one would be complicated, it is argued that plastids with four-membrane envelopes have evolved by replacement of plastids with three-membrane envelopes. I suggest that during the first round of secondary endosymbioses (resulting in plastids surrounded by three membranes), myzocytotically-engulfed eukaryotic alga developed a Golgi-mediated targeting pathway which was added to the Toc/Tic-based apparatus of the endosymbiont plastid. During the second round of secondary endosymbioses (resulting in plastids surrounded by four membranes), phagocytotically-engulfed eukaryotic alga exploited the Golgi pathway of the original plastid, and a new translocation system had to originate only in the periplastid membrane, although its emergence probably resulted in modification of the import machinery pre-existing in the endosymbiont plastid.

Key words

Algae - evolution - periplastid membrane - plastid - protein import - Toc proteins

References

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