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DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-10460
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Präkanzeröse Läsionen des Endometriums: Aspekte der molekularen Pathogenese und Probleme der Nomenklatur
Precancerous Lesions of the Endometrium: A Review of the Molecular Pathogenesis and Problems in TerminologyPublication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Für das Endometriumkarzinom (EC), das häufigste Malignom des weiblichen Genitale, lassen sich bisher zwei unterschiedliche Pathogenesewege definieren, denen auch eine biologisch prognostische Bedeutung zukommt. Als Prototyp des sog. Typ- I-Karzinoms gilt das endometrioide Adenokarzinom als häufigster Vertreter des EC mit vergleichsweise deutlich besserer Prognose. Pathogenetisch zeigt das endometrioide Karzinom häufig eine Mikrosatelliteninstabilität sowie K-ras-Mutationen, die bereits auch in vorausgehenden Hyperplasien nachweisbar sind. Mikrosatelliteninstabile Tumoren weisen oft auch Mutationen des PTEN-Gens auf. Alterationen des p53-Gens werden nur bei 10 - 20 % beobachtet, präferenziell bei schlecht differenzierten (G3) Karzinomen. Endometrioide Karzinome sind östrogenabhängig und oft mit endometrialen Hyperplasien assoziiert. Die Nomenklatur dieser Hyperplasien ist derzeit im Fluss. Diskutiert wird eine Zweiteilung in Hyperplasien (glandulär-zystische Hyperplasie und komplexe Hyperplasie) und endometrioide Neoplasie (atypische Hyperplasie und gut differenziertes [G1] Karzinom) und das Konzept der endometrialen intraepithelialen Neoplasie (EIN). Derzeit sollten jedoch noch die Ergebnisse weiterer Studien abgewartet werden, bevor die WHO-Klassifikation der endometrialen Hyperplasien modifiziert wird, deren Änderung auf der Basis eines breiten internationalen Konsens erfolgen sollte. Beim Typ II des EC, dessen Prototyp das serös-papilläre Adenokarzinom ist, lassen sich in mehr als 90 % Mutationen des p53-Tumorsuppressorgens nachweisen, mit einer immunhistochemisch detektierbaren Akkumulation des (aberranten) p53-Onkoproteins intranukleär. Eine Mikrosatelliteninstabilität und K-ras-Mutationen sind seltene Ereignisse. Diese Karzinome mit sehr schlechter Prognose entstehen nicht selten in einem atrophen Endometrium, möglicherweise über eine flache Läsion, die als endometriales intraepitheliales Karzinom bezeichnet wird. Das klarzellige Adenokarzinom steht pathogenetisch dem serös-papillären Typ-II-Karzinom nahe, mit jedoch nachweisbaren Unterschieden.
Summary
A dualistic model has been proposed for the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. In this model, type-I disease, represented by endometrioid carcinoma, denotes a slowly developing, indolent condition which develops in the setting of excess estrogen stimulation and which is associated with a comparatively favorable prognosis. Type-II disease, represented by serous carcinoma, is a more aggressive variant arising in a low-estrogen milieu. Pure serous carcinomas usually develop from atrophic endometrium in association with endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) and are strongly associated with immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein and p53 gene mutations. Microsatellite instability and K-ras mutations are rare in serous carcinoma. Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium is probably a type-II tumor. Microsatellite instability and K-ras mutations are common events in endometrioid carcinomas and are already present in its hyperplastic precursors. Tumors with microsatellite instability often show mutation of the PTEN gene. In contrast, p53 mutations are seen in only 10 % to 20 % of endometrial carcinomas, usually in poorly differentiated tumors. Endometrioid carcinomas are estrogen-dependent and frequently associated with endometrial hyperplasia. The nomenclature of these hyperplasias is in flux. Recent discussions have proposed distinguishing endometrial hyperplasia (glandular cystic hyperplasia and complex hyperplasia) and endometrioid neoplasia (atypical hyperplasia and well differentiated endometrioid carcinoma). Others have proposed a concept of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (atypical glandular cystic and complex hyperplasia). We recommend using the WHO classification until further clinicopathological and molecular studies are available to change the nomenclature based on scientific evidence and international consensus.
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Lars-Christian Horn
Institut für PathologieUniversität Leipzig
Liebigstraße 26
04103 Leipzig
Email: E-mail: hornl@medizin.uni-leipzig.de