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Semin Thromb Hemost 2024; 50(06): 851-865
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777991
Review Article

Developmental or Procedural Vena Cava Interruption and Venous Thromboembolism: A Review

Behnood Bikdeli   *
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
3   YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut
4   Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, New York
,
Parham Sadeghipour   *
5   Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6   Clinical Trial Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,
Junyang Lou
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Antoine Bejjani
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Candrika D. Khairani
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Sina Rashedi
5   Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,
Robert Lookstein
7   Division of Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
,
Alexandra Lansky
8   Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
,
Suresh Vedantham
9   Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
,
Piotr Sobieszczyk
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Carlos Mena-Hurtado
8   Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
,
Ayaz Aghayev
10   Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Peter Henke
11   Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
,
Ghazaleh Mehdipoor
4   Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, New York
12   Center for Evidence-based Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Antonella Tufano
13   Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
,
Saurav Chatterjee
14   Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine, New York, New York
,
Saskia Middeldorp
15   Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
,
Suman Wasan
16   University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
,
Riyaz Bashir
17   Departement of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Irene M. Lang
18   Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology and Center of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
,
Mehdi H. Shishehbor
19   University Hospitals Heath System, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
,
Marie Gerhard-Herman
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Jay Giri
20   Penn Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research Center, Cardiovascular Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Matthew T. Menard
21   Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Sahil A. Parikh
4   Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, New York
22   Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
,
Lucia Mazzolai
23   Division of Angiology, Heart and Vessel Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
,
Lisa Moores
24   Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
,
Manuel Monreal
25   Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Spain
,
David Jimenez
26   Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
27   Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
28   CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
,
Samuel Z. Goldhaber
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
,
Harlan M. Krumholz
3   YNHH/Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut
8   Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
29   Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
,
Gregory Piazza
1   Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
2   Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
› Author Affiliations Funding Dr. Bikdeli is supported by the Scott Schoen and Nancy Adams IGNITE Award, and the Mary Ann Tynan Research Scientist award through the Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, as well as the Heart and Vascular Center Junior Faculty Award, all at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Dr. Bikdeli is a recipient of a Career Development Award from the American Heart Association and VIVA Physicians (#938814). No funding was received for the preparation of this study.
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Abstract

The inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava are the main conduits of the systemic venous circulation into the right atrium. Developmental or procedural interruptions of vena cava might predispose to stasis and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) distal to the anomaly and may impact the subsequent rate of pulmonary embolism (PE). This study aimed to review the various etiologies of developmental or procedural vena cava interruption and their impact on venous thromboembolism. A systematic search was performed in PubMed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines per each clinical question. For management questions with no high-quality evidence and no mutual agreements between authors, Delphi methods were used. IVC agenesis is the most common form of congenital vena cava interruption, is associated with an increased risk of DVT, and should be suspected in young patients with unexpected extensive bilateral DVT. Surgical techniques for vena cava interruption (ligation, clipping, and plication) to prevent PE have been largely abandoned due to short-term procedural risks and long-term complications, although survivors of prior procedures are occasionally encountered. Vena cava filters are now the most commonly used method of procedural interruption, frequently placed in the infrarenal IVC. The most agreed-upon indication for vena cava filters is for patients with acute venous thromboembolism and coexisting contraindications to anticoagulation. Familiarity with different forms of vena cava interruption and their local and systemic adverse effects is important to minimize complications and thrombotic events.

Keywords

venous thromboembolism - deep vein thrombosis - pulmonary embolism - IVC agenesis - vena cava filters - IVC ligation

Authors' Contributions

Drs. Bikdeli and Sadeghipour contributed equally to this submission. Drs. Bikdeli, Sadeghipour, Lou, and Piazza prepared the outlines of the submission and had the primary role to prepare a first draft with help from Drs. Bejjani, Khairani, Rashedi, and Piazza. Dr. Chatterjee shared additional expert input about meta-analyses reported in this article. All other coauthors reviewed the initial outlines of the review, as well as subsequent drafts of the review, contributed to the concept and design of the study, shared intellectual input, critical edits, and comments, and approved the final version.


* Dr. Bikdeli and Dr. Sadeghipour contributed equally to this article.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Article published online:
04 January 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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