Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759779
COVID-19 Vaccines—All You Want to Know
Funding None.![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/srccm/202301/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0042-1759779_230114-1.jpg)
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to an unprecedented public health crisis. The collective global response has led to production of multiple safe and effective vaccines utilizing novel platforms to combat the virus that have propelled the field of vaccinology forward. Significant challenges to universal vaccine effectiveness remain, including immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 variants, waning of immune response, inadequate knowledge of correlates of protection, and dosing in special populations. This review serves as a detailed evaluation of the development of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, their effectiveness, and challenges to their deployment as a preventive tool.
Authors' Contributions
A.A.S. and A.H.B. wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. S.N. and J.V.C. supervised creation of the manuscript and reviewed and edited the manuscript. A.A.S. created the illustrations. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript.
Publication History
Article published online:
16 January 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W. et al; China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (08) 727-733
- 2 Coronavirus WHO. (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard with vaccination data. Accessed June 5, 2022 at: https://covid19.who.int/
- 3 Lurie N, Saville M, Hatchett R, Halton J. Developing Covid-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (21) 1969-1973
- 4 Shrotri M, Swinnen T, Kampmann B, Parker EPK. An interactive website tracking COVID-19 vaccine development. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9 (05) e590-e592
- 5 Bloomberg. Inside Operation Warp Speed's $18 billion sprint for a vaccine. Accessed February 7, 2022 at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-10-29/inside-operation-warp-speed-s-18-billion-sprint-for-a-vaccine
- 6 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Explaining Operation Warp Speed. What's the goal? How will the goal be accomplished? Who's working on Operation Warp Speed? What's the plan and what's happened so far? Accessed February 7, 2022 at: https://www.nihb.org/covid-19/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fact-sheet-operation-warp-speed.pdf
- 7 Biden to pledge $4 billion to COVAX vaccine program at G7 meeting Friday | Reuters. Accessed February 7, 2022 at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-covax/biden-to-pledge-4-billion-to-covax-vaccine-program-at-g7-meeting-friday-idUSKBN2AI2YP
- 8 Pfizer and BioNTech announce vaccine candidate against COVID-19 achieved success in first interim analysis from phase 3 study | Pfizer. Accessed February 7, 2022 at: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-vaccine-candidate-against
- 9 Ledford H, Cyranoski D, Van Noorden R. The UK has approved a COVID vaccine - here's what scientists now want to know. Nature 2020; 588 (7837): 205-206
- 10 China releases genetic data on new coronavirus, now deadly | CIDRAP. Accessed February 7, 2022 at: https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/china-releases-genetic-data-new-coronavirus-now-deadly
- 11 Ball P. The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines - and what it means for other diseases. Nature 2021; 589 (7840): 16-18
- 12 COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape. Accessed June 5, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
- 13 COVID-19 vaccine tracker | RAPS. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker
- 14 Dong Y, Dai T, Wei Y, Zhang L, Zheng M, Zhou F. A systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5 (01) 237
- 15 Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2020; 92 (04) 418-423
- 16 Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020; 181 (02) 271-280.e8
- 17 Martin JE, Louder MK, Holman LA. et al; VRC 301 Study Team. A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial. Vaccine 2008; 26 (50) 6338-6343
- 18 Yang ZY, Kong WP, Huang Y. et al. A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice. Nature 2004; 428 (6982): 561-564
- 19 Bisht H, Roberts A, Vogel L. et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 (17) 6641-6646
- 20 The New York Times. How the Novavax Covid-19 vaccine works. Accessed February 8, 2022 at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/novavax-covid-19-vaccine.html
- 21 HHS.gov. Vaccine types. Accessed February 7, 2022 at: https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html
- 22 Chang J. Adenovirus vectors: excellent tools for vaccine development. Immune Netw 2021; 21 (01) e6
- 23 Wold WSM, Toth K. Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13 (06) 421-433
- 24 Jones I, Roy P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet 2021; 397 (10275): 642-643
- 25 Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV. et al; Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet 2021; 397 (10275): 671-681
- 26 Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D. mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17 (04) 261-279
- 27 Vaccines – COVID19 Vaccine Tracker. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/vaccines/
- 28 WHO. COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
- 29 Zimmer C, Corum J, Wee SL, Kristoffersen M. Covid-19 Vaccine Tracker: Latest Updates - The New York Times. Accessed January 25, 2022 at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html
- 30 Pormohammad A, Zarei M, Ghorbani S. et al. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9 (05) 467
- 31 Fan YJ, Chan KH, Hung IF. Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of different vaccines at phase 3. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9 (09) 989
- 32 Rotshild V, Hirsh-Raccah B, Miskin I, Muszkat M, Matok I. Comparing the clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 22777
- 33 Wouters OJ, Shadlen KC, Salcher-Konrad M. et al. Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment. Lancet 2021; 397 (10278): 1023-1034
- 34 Santos AF, Gaspar PD, de Souza HJL. Refrigeration of COVID-19 vaccines: ideal storage characteristics, energy efficiency and environmental impacts of various vaccine options. Energies 2021;14(7):
- 35 Sinovac says its coronavirus vaccine candidate appears safe for elderly in early trials | CBC News. Accessed January 27, 2022 at: https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/china-sinovac-coronavirus-vaccine-1.5714957
- 36 Khoury DS, Cromer D, Reynaldi A. et al. Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med 2021; 27 (07) 1205-1211
- 37 McDonald I, Murray SM, Reynolds CJ, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6 (01) 74
- 38 Collier DA, Ferreira IATM, Kotagiri P. et al; CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration. Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nature 2021; 596 (7872): 417-422
- 39 Müller L, Andrée M, Moskorz W. et al. Age-dependent immune response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73 (11) 2065-2072
- 40 Bates TA, Leier HC, Lyski ZL. et al. Age-dependent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and P.1 variant by vaccine immune serum samples. JAMA 2021; 326 (09) 868-869
- 41 Nace DA, Kip KE, Mellors JW. et al. Antibody responses after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in residential older adults: implications for reopening. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021; 22 (08) 1593-1598
- 42 Schwarz T, Tober-Lau P, Hillus D. et al. Delayed antibody and T-cell response to BNT162b2 vaccination in the elderly, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27 (08) 2174-2178
- 43 Teo SP. Review of COVID-19 vaccines and their evidence in older adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2021; 25 (01) 4-9
- 44 Soiza RL, Scicluna C, Thomson EC. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in older people. Age Ageing 2021; 50 (02) 279-283
- 45 Seyahi E, Bakhdiyarli G, Oztas M. et al. Antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (CoronaVac) in immune-mediated diseases: a controlled study among hospital workers and elderly. Rheumatol Int 2021; 41 (08) 1429-1440
- 46 Notarte KI, Ver AT, Velasco JV. et al. Effects of age, sex, serostatus, and underlying comorbidities on humoral response post-SARS-CoV-2 Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccination: a systematic review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 59 (06) 373-390
- 47 Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ. et al; Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2021; 396 (10267): 1979-1993
- 48 Voysey M, Costa Clemens SA, Madhi SA. et al; Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group. Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials. Lancet 2021; 397 (10277): 881-891
- 49 Zamai L, Rocchi MBL. Hypothesis: possible influence of antivector immunity and SARS-CoV-2 variants on efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179 (02) 218-226
- 50 Janssen COVID-19 vaccine - pre-existing immunity to the Ad26 vector. Accessed February 8, 2022 at: https://www.janssenmd.com/janssen-covid19-vaccine/clinical-use/janssen-covid19-vaccine-preexisting-immunity-to-the-ad26-vector
- 51 Chen Z, John Wherry E. T cell responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20 (09) 529-536
- 52 Cañete PF, Vinuesa CG. COVID-19 makes B cells forget, but T cells remember. Cell 2020; 183 (01) 13-15
- 53 Sekine T, Perez-Potti A, Rivera-Ballesteros O. et al; Karolinska COVID-19 Study Group. Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Cell 2020; 183 (01) 158-168.e14
- 54 Moss P. The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol 2022; 23 (02) 186-193
- 55 Sahin U, Muik A, Derhovanessian E. et al. COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses. Nature 2020; 586 (7830): 594-599
- 56 Kalimuddin S, Tham CYL, Qui M. et al. Early T cell and binding antibody responses are associated with COVID-19 RNA vaccine efficacy onset. Med (N Y) 2021; 2 (06) 682-688.e4
- 57 Parry H, Bruton R, Tut G. et al. Immunogenicity of single vaccination with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 at 5-6 weeks post vaccine in participants aged 80 years or older: an exploratory analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev 2021; 2 (09) e554-e560
- 58 Parry H, Bruton R, Stephens C. et al. Differential immunogenicity of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines after extended-interval homologous dual vaccination in older people. Immun Ageing 2021; 18 (01) 34
- 59 Earle KA, Ambrosino DM, Fiore-Gartland A. et al. Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine 2021; 39 (32) 4423-4428
- 60 Geers D, Shamier MC, Bogers S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees. Sci Immunol 2021; 6 (59) 1750
- 61 Redd AD, Nardin A, Kared H. et al. CD8+ T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals target conserved epitopes from multiple prominent SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8 (07) ofab143
- 62 Our World in Data. Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations - our world in data. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
- 63 Beatty AL, Peyser ND, Butcher XE. et al. Analysis of COVID-19 vaccine type and adverse effects following vaccination. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (12) e2140364-e2140364
- 64 Chu L, McPhee R, Huang W. et al; mRNA-1273 Study Group. A preliminary report of a randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39 (20) 2791-2799
- 65 Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B. et al; COVE Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (05) 403-416
- 66 Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N. et al; C4591001 Clinical Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383 (27) 2603-2615
- 67 Ella R, Reddy S, Blackwelder W. et al; COVAXIN Study Group. Efficacy, safety, and lot-to-lot immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152): interim results of a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021; 398 (10317): 2173-2184
- 68 Blumenthal KG, Robinson LB, Camargo Jr CA. et al. Acute allergic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. JAMA 2021; 325 (15) 1562-1565
- 69 Mevorach D, Anis E, Cedar N. et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in Israeli adolescents. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (10) 998-999
- 70 Larson KF, Ammirati E, Adler ED. et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccination. Circulation 2021; 144 (06) 506-508
- 71 Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR. et al. Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US from December 2020 to August 2021. JAMA 2022; 327 (04) 331-340
- 72 Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Karampela I, Liu J, Dalamaga M. Potential implications of lipid nanoparticles in the pathogenesis of myocarditis associated with the use of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Metabol Open 2022; 13: 100159
- 73 Muir KL, Kallam A, Koepsell SA, Gundabolu K. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (20) 1964-1965
- 74 Pottegård A, Lund LC, Karlstad Ø. et al. Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study. BMJ 2021; 373: n1114
- 75 Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (22) 2092-2101
- 76 Schultz NH, Sørvoll IH, Michelsen AE. et al. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (22) 2124-2130
- 77 Pavord S, Scully M, Hunt BJ. et al. Clinical features of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (18) 1680-1689
- 78 Chan BT, Mpa M, Bobos P. et al. Meta-analysis of risk of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia following ChAdOx1-S recombinant vaccine. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.04.21256613.
- 79 See I, Su JR, Lale A. et al. US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021. JAMA 2021; 325 (24) 2448-2456
- 80 Sharifian-Dorche M, Bahmanyar M, Sharifian-Dorche A, Mohammadi P, Nomovi M, Mowla A. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination; a systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2021; 428: 117607
- 81 Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Scorza CA. Post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination Guillain-Barre syndrome in 19 patients. Clinics (São Paulo) 2021; 76: e3286
- 82 Introna A, Caputo F, Santoro C. et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome after AstraZeneca COVID-19-vaccination: a causal or casual association?. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 208: 106887
- 83 Finsterer J. Exacerbating Guillain-Barré syndrome eight days after vector-based COVID-19 vaccination. Case Rep Infect Dis 2021; 2021: 3619131
- 84 Gao JJ, Tseng HP, Lin CL, Shiu JS, Lee MH, Liu CH. Acute transverse myelitis following covid-19 vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9 (09) 1008
- 85 Erdem NŞ, Demirci S, Özel T. et al. Acute transverse myelitis after inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Ideggyogy Sz 2021; 74 (7-08): 273-276
- 86 Tahir N, Koorapati G, Prasad S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced transverse myelitis. Cureus 2021; 13 (07) e16624
- 87 Notghi AAA, Atley J, Silva M. Lessons of the month 1: longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination. Clin Med (Lond) 2021; 21 (05) e535-e538
- 88 Khan E, Shrestha AK, Colantonio MA, Liberio RN, Sriwastava S. Acute transverse myelitis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a case report and review of literature. J Neurol 2022; 269 (03) 1121-1132
- 89 Román GC, Gracia F, Torres A, Palacios A, Gracia K, Harris D. Acute transverse myelitis (ATM): clinical review of 43 patients with COVID-19-associated ATM and 3 post-vaccination ATM serious adverse events with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222). Front Immunol 2021; 12: 653786
- 90 CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Food and Drug Administration. Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine - United States, December 21, 2020-January 10, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (04) 125-129
- 91 CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Food and Drug Administration. Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine - United States, December 14-23, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (02) 46-51
- 92 Shimabukuro TT, Cole M, Su JR. Reports of anaphylaxis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021. JAMA 2021; 325 (11) 1101-1102
- 93 McSweeney MD, Mohan M, Commins SP, Lai SK. Anaphylaxis to Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a patient with clinically confirmed PEG allergy. Front Allergy 2021; 2: 715844
- 94 Vrieze J. Suspicions grow that nanoparticles in Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine trigger rare allergic reactions. Science 2020. Published online December 21, 2020. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.science.org/content/article/suspicions-grow-nanoparticles-pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-trigger-rare-allergic-reactions
- 95 CDC. COVID-19 vaccines for people with allergies. Accessed February 14, 2022 at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/specific-groups/allergies.html?s_cid=10480:polyethylene%20glycol%20allergy%20covid%20vaccine:sem.ga:p:RG:GM:gen:PTN:FY21
- 96 The Times of Israel. Israel said probing link between Pfizer shot and heart problem in men under 30. Accessed February 14, 2022 at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-said-probing-link-between-pfizer-shot-and-heart-problem-in-men-under-30/
- 97 Matta A, Kunadharaju R, Osman M. et al. Clinical presentation and outcomes of myocarditis post mRNA vaccination: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Cureus 2021; 13 (11) e19240
- 98 Statista. COVID-19 vaccinations administered number by manufacturer U.S. 2022. Accessed February 14, 2022 at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1198516/covid-19-vaccinations-administered-us-by-company/
- 99 Ameratunga R, Woon ST, Sheppard MN. et al. First identified case of fatal fulminant necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis following the initial dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2, Comirnaty): an extremely rare idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reaction. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42 (03) 441-447
- 100 Choi S, Lee S, Seo JW. et al. Myocarditis-induced sudden death after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in Korea: case report focusing on histopathological findings. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36 (40) e286
- 101 COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: benefits still outweigh the risks despite possible link to rare blood clots with low blood platelets | European Medicines Agency. Accessed February 24, 2022 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-benefits-still-outweigh-risks-despite-possible-link-rare-blood-clots
- 102 Cines DB, Bussel JB. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (23) 2254-2256
- 103 Rizk JG, Gupta A, Sardar P. et al. Clinical characteristics and pharmacological management of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a review. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6 (12) 1451-1460
- 104 Scully M, Singh D, Lown R. et al. Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (23) 2202-2211
- 105 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA limits use of Janssen COVID-19 vaccine to certain individuals | FDA. Accessed May 6, 2022 at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-limits-use-janssen-covid-19-vaccine-certain-individuals
- 106 Huynh A, Kelton JG, Arnold DM, Daka M, Nazy I. Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia. Nature 2021; 596 (7873): 565-569
- 107 Chun JY, Park S, Jung J. et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination against COVID-19. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21 (02) 117-119
- 108 Allen CM, Ramsamy S, Tarr AW. et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome variant occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ann Neurol 2021; 90 (02) 315-318
- 109 Keh RYS, Scanlon S, Datta-Nemdharry P. et al; BPNS/ABN COVID-19 Vaccine GBS Study Group. COVID-19 vaccination and Guillain-Barré syndrome: analyses using the National Immunoglobulin Database. Brain 2022; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac067.
- 110 Zuhorn F, Graf T, Klingebiel R, Schäbitz WR, Rogalewski A. Postvaccinal encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCov-19. Ann Neurol 2021; 90 (03) 506-511
- 111 Burrows A, Bartholomew T, Rudd J, Walker D. Sequential contralateral facial nerve palsies following COVID-19 vaccination first and second doses. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14 (07) e243829
- 112 Keshavarz P, Yazdanpanah F, Rafiee F, Mizandari M. Lymphadenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination: imaging findings review. Acad Radiol 2021; 28 (08) 1058-1071
- 113 WHO. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Accessed June 6, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
- 114 Pajon R, Doria-Rose NA, Shen X. et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant neutralization after mRNA-1273 booster vaccination. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (11) 1088-1091
- 115 Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F. et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (16) 1532-1546
- 116 Kurhade C, Zou J, Xia H. et al. Neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 SARS-CoV-2 by 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 3602
- 117 Lu L, Mok BWY, Chen LL. et al. Neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant by sera from BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccine recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75 (01) e822-e826
- 118 Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F. et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (16) 1532-1546
- 119 Johnson AG, Amin AB, Ali AR. et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report COVID-19 incidence and death rates among unvaccinated and fully vaccinated adults with and without booster doses during periods of Delta and Omicron variant emergence-25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-December 25, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2022 at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e2.htm
- 120 Gray G, Collie S, Goga A. et al. Effectiveness of Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2 vaccines against Omicron variant in South Africa. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (23) 2243-2245
- 121 León TM, Dorabawila V, Nelson L. et al. COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations by COVID-19 vaccination status and previous COVID-19 diagnosis—California and New York, May–November 2021. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- 122 Andrews N, Tessier E, Stowe J. et al. Duration of protection against mild and severe disease by Covid-19 vaccines. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (04) 340-350
- 123 Poukka E, Baum U, Palmu AA. et al. Cohort study of Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness among healthcare workers in Finland, December 2020 - October 2021. Vaccine 2022; 40 (05) 701-705
- 124 Nordström P, Ballin M, Nordström A. Risk of infection, hospitalisation, and death up to 9 months after a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden. Lancet 2022; 399 (10327): 814-823
- 125 Katikireddi SV, Cerqueira-Silva T, Vasileiou E. et al. Two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine protection against COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths over time: a retrospective, population-based cohort study in Scotland and Brazil. Lancet 2022; 399 (10319): 25-35
- 126 Britton A, Fleming-Dutra KE, Shang N. et al. Association of COVID-19 vaccination with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection by time since vaccination and delta variant predominance. JAMA 2022; 327 (11) 1032-1041
- 127 Thomas SJ, Moreira Jr ED, Kitchin N. et al; C4591001 Clinical Trial Group. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (19) 1761-1773
- 128 Chemaitelly H, Tang P, Hasan MR. et al. Waning of BNT162b2 vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (24) e83
- 129 Lin DY, Gu Y, Wheeler B. et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines over a 9-month period in North Carolina. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (10) 933-941
- 130 Young-Xu Y, Zwain GM, Powell EI, Smith J. Estimated effectiveness of COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection among older male veterans health administration enrollees, January to September 2021. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (12) e2138975-e2138975
- 131 Feikin DR, Higdon MM, Abu-Raddad LJ. et al. Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression. Lancet 2022; 399 (10328): 924-944
- 132 Robles-Fontán MM, Nieves EG, Cardona-Gerena I, Irizarry RA. Effectiveness estimates of three COVID-19 vaccines based on observational data from Puerto Rico. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 9: 100212
- 133 FDA. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee October 15, 2021 Meeting Briefing Document - FDA (Janssen). 2021. Accessed March 16, 2022 at: https://www.fda.gov/media/153037/download
- 134 Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J. et al. Durable humoral and cellular immune responses 8 months after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (10) 951-953
- 135 Badano MN, Sabbione F, Keitelman I. et al. Humoral response to the BBIBP-CorV vaccine over time in healthcare workers with or without exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Mol Immunol 2022; 143: 94-99
- 136 Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Bertollini R. National Study Group for COVID-19 Vaccination. Waning mRNA-1273 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (11) 1091-1093
- 137 Chahla RE, Tomas-Grau RH, Cazorla SI. et al. Long-term analysis of antibodies elicited by SPUTNIK V: a prospective cohort study in Tucumán, Argentina. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 6: 100123
- 138 Xu QY, Xue JH, Xiao Y. et al. Response and duration of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after inactivated vaccination within 160 days. Front Immunol 2021; 12: 786554
- 139 Novavax announces extended durability of protection against infection and disease in United Kingdom COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 clinical trial - Feb 28, 2022. Accessed March 16, 2022 at: https://ir.novavax.com/2022-02-28-Novavax-Announces-Extended-Durability-of-Protection-Against-Infection-and-Disease-in-United-Kingdom-COVID-19-Vaccine-Phase-3-Clinical-Trial
- 140 Choudhary HR, Parai D, Chandra Dash G. et al. Persistence of antibodies against spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers post double dose of BBV-152 and AZD1222 vaccines. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 778129
- 141 Suah JL, Husin M, Tok PSK. et al. Waning COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness for BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in Malaysia: an observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119: 69-76
- 142 Callaway E. COVID super-immunity: one of the pandemic's great puzzles. Nature 2021; 598 (7881): 393-394
- 143 Interim statement on booster doses for COVID-19 vaccination. Accessed April 9, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/news/item/22-12-2021-interim-statement-on-booster-doses-for-covid-19-vaccination---update-22-december-2021
- 144 Munro APS, Janani L, Cornelius V. et al; COV-BOOST study group. Safety and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK (COV-BOOST): a blinded, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2021; 398 (10318): 2258-2276
- 145 Flaxman A, Marchevsky NG, Jenkin D. et al; Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial group. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity after a late second dose or a third dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in the UK: a substudy of two randomised controlled trials (COV001 and COV002). Lancet 2021; 398 (10304): 981-990
- 146 Falsey AR, Frenck Jr RW, Walsh EE. et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization with BNT162b2 vaccine dose 3. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (17) 1627-1629
- 147 Eliakim-Raz N, Leibovici-Weisman Y, Stemmer A. et al. Antibody titers before and after a third dose of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in adults aged ≥60 years. JAMA 2021; 326 (21) 2203-2204
- 148 Atmar RL, Lyke KE, Deming ME. et al; DMID 21-0012 Study Group. Homologous and heterologous Covid-19 booster vaccinations. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (11) 1046-1057
- 149 Spitzer A, Angel Y, Marudi O. et al. Association of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine with incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care workers in Israel. JAMA 2022; 327 (04) 341-349
- 150 Wald A. Booster vaccination to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection. JAMA 2022; 327 (04) 327-328
- 151 Bar-On YM, Goldberg Y, Mandel M. et al. Protection against Covid-19 by BNT162b2 booster across age groups. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (26) 2421-2430
- 152 Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccines against COVID-19-related symptoms, hospitalization and death in England. Nat Med 2022; 28 (04) 831-837
- 153 Sablerolles RSG, Rietdijk WJR, Goorhuis A. et al; SWITCH Research Group. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of vaccine boosters after Ad26.COV2.S priming. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (10) 951-963
- 154 Oliver SE, Wallace M, See I. et al. Use of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine: updated interim recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (03) 90-95
- 155 Yu X, Wei D, Xu W. et al. Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant to antibody neutralization elicited by booster vaccination. Cell Discov 2022; 8 (01) 4
- 156 Kaabi NA, Yang YK, Zhang J. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of NVSI-06-07 as a heterologous booster after priming with BBIBP-CorV: a phase 2 trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7 (01) 172
- 157 Thompson MG, Natarajan K, Irving SA. et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults during periods of Delta and Omicron variant predominance - VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (04) 139-145
- 158 Costa Clemens SA, Weckx L, Clemens R. et al; RHH-001 study team. Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in previous recipients of two doses of CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): a phase 4, non-inferiority, single blind, randomised study. Lancet 2022; 399 (10324): 521-529
- 159 Mallory R, Formica N, Pfeiffer S. et al. Immunogenicity and safety following a homologous booster dose of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine (NVX-CoV2373): a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.23.21267374.
- 160 Dolzihikova IV, Iliukhina AA, Kovyrshina AV. et al. Sputnik Light booster after Sputnik V vaccination induces robust neutralizing antibody response to B.1.1.529 (Omicron) SARS-CoV-2 variant. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.17.21267976.
- 161 Edara VV, Patel M, Suthar MS. Covaxin (BBV152) vaccine neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. medRxiv 2022; DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.24.22269189.
- 162 Hause AM, Baggs J, Marquez P. et al. Safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccine booster doses among adults - United States, September 22, 2021-February 6, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (07) 249-254
- 163 Mayr FB, Talisa VB, Shaikh O, Yende S, Butt AA. Effectiveness of homologous or heterologous Covid-19 boosters in veterans. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (14) 1375-1377
- 164 Tan SHX, Pung R, Wang LF. et al. Association of homologous and heterologous vaccine boosters with COVID-19 incidence and severity in Singapore. JAMA 2022; 327 (12) 1181-1182
- 165 Interim recommendations for use of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19. Accessed March 19, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-mRNA-1273-2021.3
- 166 CHMP. . Spikevax 1 (elasomeran) How is Spikevax used? How does Spikevax work? Accessed March 19, 2022 at: www.ema.europa.eu/contact
- 167 Clinical Guidance for COVID-19 Vaccination | CDC. Accessed March 19, 2022 at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/interim-considerations-us.html
- 168 CHMP. . Comirnaty (tozinameran) Comirnaty contains tozinameran, a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule with instructions for producing a protein from SARS-How is Comirnaty used? Accessed March 19, 2022 at: www.ema.europa.eu/contact
- 169 CDC. . Ncird. COVID-19 vaccine interim COVID-19 immunization schedule for ages 5 years and older. Published online 2022. Accessed March 19, 2022 at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/index.html
- 170 Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under emergency use listing. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
- 171 COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen | European Medicines Agency. Accessed March 19, 2022 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/covid-19-vaccine-janssen
- 172 WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-Ad26.COV2.S-2021.3-eng. Accessed May 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
- 173 WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-AZD1222–2022.1-eng. Accessed May 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
- 174 Interim recommendations for use of the Novavax NVX-CoV2373 vaccine against COVID-19 interim guidance. 2021. Accessed May 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
- 175 CHMP. . Nuvaxovid, INN-COVID-19 vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted). Accessed March 19, 2022 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/nuvaxovid-epar-product-information_en.pdf
- 176 Background document on the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/groups/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization/covid-19-materials
- 177 Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BIBP developed by China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Interim Guidance. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-BIBP
- 178 Interim recommendations for use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, developed by Sinovac Interim Guidance. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE_recommendation-Sinovac-CoronaVac-2021.1
- 179 Interim recommendations for use of the Bharat Biotech BBV152 COVAXIN vaccine against COVID-19 Interim Guidance. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-bbv152-covaxin
- 180 First of its kind approval for booster vaccination following Sputnik V inoculation. Accessed March 20, 2022 at: https://www.bna.bh/en/FirstofitskindapprovalforboostervaccinationfollowingSputnikVinoculation.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2bDr4%2b%2bu%2ffaqz1zkh6fJw1NU0%3d
- 181 Ferdinands JM, Rao S, Dixon BE. et al. Waning 2-dose and 3-dose effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults during periods of delta and Omicron variant predominance - VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (07) 255-263
- 182 Bar-On YM, Goldberg Y, Mandel M. et al. Protection by a fourth dose of BNT162b2 against Omicron in Israel. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (18) 1712-1720
- 183 Natarajan K, Prasad N, Dascomb K. et al. Effectiveness of homologous and heterologous COVID-19 booster doses following 1 Ad.26.COV2.S (Janssen [Johnson & Johnson]) vaccine dose against COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults - VISION Network, 10 states, December 2021-March 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (13) 495-502
- 184 Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes second booster dose of two COVID-19 vaccines for older and immunocompromised individuals | FDA. Accessed May 11, 2022 at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-second-booster-dose-two-covid-19-vaccines-older-and
- 185 CDC recommends additional boosters for certain individuals | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC. Accessed May 11, 2022 at: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2022/s0328-covid-19-boosters.html?s_cid=11754:additional%20covid%20booster:sem.ga:p:RG:GM:gen:PTN:FY22
- 186 Interim recommendations for an extended primary series with an additional vaccine dose for COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised persons interim guidance. 2021. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE_recommendation-immunocompromised-persons
- 187 Haidar G, Agha M, Bilderback A. et al. Prospective evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine responses across a broad spectrum of immunocompromising conditions: the COVID-19 Vaccination in the Immunocompromised Study (COVICS). Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75 (01) e630-e644
- 188 Manothummetha K, Chuleerarux N, Sanguankeo A. et al. Immunogenicity and risk factors associated with poor humoral immune response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in recipients of solid organ transplant: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5 (04) e226822-e226822
- 189 Re D, Seitz-Polski B, Brglez V. et al. Humoral and cellular responses after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Nat Commun 2022; 13 (01) 864
- 190 Hall VG, Ferreira VH, Ku T. et al. Randomized trial of a third dose of mRNA-1273 vaccine in transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (13) 1244-1246
- 191 Tenforde MW, Patel MM, Gaglani M. et al; IVY Network. Effectiveness of a third dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines in preventing COVID-19 hospitalization among immunocompetent and immunocompromised adults - United States, August-December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (04) 118-124
- 192 Caillard S, Thaunat O, Benotmane I, Masset C, Blancho G. Antibody response to a fourth messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine dose in kidney transplant recipients: a case series. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175 (03) 455-456
- 193 Villar J, Ariff S, Gunier RB. et al. Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID multinational cohort study. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175 (08) 817-826
- 194 Stock SJ, Carruthers J, Calvert C. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland. Nat Med 2022; 28 (03) 504-512
- 195 Halasa NB, Olson SM, Staat MA. et al; Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators, Overcoming COVID-19 Network. Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19-associated hospitalization in infants aged <6 months - 17 states, July 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (07) 264-270
- 196 Questions and answers: COVID-19 vaccines and pregnancy. Accessed June 22, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-FAQ-Pregnancy-Vaccines-2022.1
- 197 Zauche LH, Wallace B, Smoots AN. et al; CDC v-safe Covid-19 Pregnancy Registry Team. Receipt of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines and risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (16) 1533-1535
- 198 Fell DB, Dhinsa T, Alton GD. et al. Association of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy with adverse peripartum outcomes. JAMA 2022; 327 (15) 1478-1487
- 199 Lipkind HS, Vazquez-Benitez G, DeSilva M. et al. Receipt of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and preterm or small-for-gestational-age at birth - eight integrated health care organizations, United States, December 15, 2020-July 22, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71 (01) 26-30
- 200 Magnus MC, Örtqvist AK, Dahlqwist E. et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy with pregnancy outcomes. JAMA 2022; 327 (15) 1469-1477
- 201 UK Health Security Agency vaccine-surveillance-report-week-6. Accessed May 17, 2022 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-vaccine-weekly-surveillance-reports
- 202 Qiao Y, de Abreu Ade JL. et al. Safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and postpartum women in brazil. medRxiv 2021 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.14.21267777
- 203 Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, in people younger than 18 years: a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22 (02) 196-208
- 204 Han B, Song Y, Li C. et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy children and adolescents: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21 (12) 1645-1653
- 205 Ella R, Reddy S, Jogdand H. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21 (07) 950-961
- 206 Frenck Jr RW, Klein NP, Kitchin N. et al; C4591001 Clinical Trial Group. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (03) 239-250
- 207 Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB. et al; Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccination against COVID-19 hospitalization among persons aged 12-18 years - United States, June-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (42) 1483-1488
- 208 Ali K, Berman G, Zhou H. et al. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adolescents. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (24) 2241-2251
- 209 Hause AM, Baggs J, Marquez P. et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1778. Evaluation of test to stay strategy on secondary and tertiary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in K-12 Schools-Lake County. Accessed April 30, 2022 at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr_continuingEducation.html
- 210 Interim statement on COVID-19 vaccination for children and adolescents. Accessed April 30, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/news/item/24-11-2021-interim-statement-on-covid-19-vaccination-for-children-and-adolescents
- 211 Are children eligible for COVID-19 vaccination? May 1, 2022. Accessed May 1, 2022 at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccine-age?time=latest
- 212 Mustafa NM, A. Selim L. Characterisation of COVID-19 pandemic in paediatric age group: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol 2020; 128: 104395
- 213 Harris RJ, Hall JA, Zaidi A, Andrews NJ, Dunbar JK, Dabrera G. Effect of vaccination on household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in England. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (08) 759-760
- 214 Khobragade A, Bhate S, Ramaiah V. et al; ZyCoV-D phase 3 Study Investigator Group. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the DNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (ZyCoV-D): the interim efficacy results of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in India. Lancet 2022; 399 (10332): 1313-1321
- 215 Vaccines – COVID19 Vaccine Tracker. . Accessed May 1, 2022 at: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/vaccines/
- 216 Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21 (10) 626-636
- 217 Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Hirsch I. et al; AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group. Phase 3 safety and efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (25) 2348-2360
- 218 Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A. et al; ENSEMBLE Study Group. Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (23) 2187-2201
- 219 Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Shukarev G. et al. Interim results of a phase 1-2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (19) 1824-1835
- 220 Corchado-Garcia J, Zemmour D, Hughes T. et al. Analysis of the effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S adenoviral vector vaccine for preventing COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (11) e2132540-e2132540
- 221 Al Kaabi N, Oulhaj A, Al Hosani FI. et al. The incidence of COVID-19 infection following emergency use authorization of BBIBP-CORV inactivated vaccine in frontline workers in the United Arab Emirates. Sci Rep 2022; 12 (01) 490
- 222 Al Kaabi N, Zhang Y, Xia S. et al. Effect of 2 inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on symptomatic COVID-19 infection in adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021; 326 (01) 35-45
- 223 Rossi AH, Ojeda DS, Varese A. et al. Sputnik V vaccine elicits seroconversion and neutralizing capacity to SARS-CoV-2 after a single dose. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2 (08) 100359
- 224 Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet 2020; 396 (10255): 887-897
- 225 Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M. et al; CoronaVac Study Group. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey. Lancet 2021; 398 (10296): 213-222
- 226 Jara A, Undurraga EA, González C. et al. Effectiveness of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chile. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (10) 875-884
- 227 Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN. et al; 2019nCoV-302 Study Group. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (13) 1172-1183
- 228 Tukhvatulin AI, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV. et al. An open, non-randomised, phase 1/2 trial on the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of single-dose vaccine “Sputnik Light” for prevention of coronavirus infection in healthy adults. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2021; 11: 100241
- 229 González S, Olszevicki S, Salazar M. et al. Effectiveness of the first component of Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) on reduction of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed infections, hospitalisations and mortality in patients aged 60-79: a retrospective cohort study in Argentina. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 40: 101126
- 230 Halperin SA, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D. et al; CanSino COVID-19 Global Efficacy Study Group. Final efficacy analysis, interim safety analysis, and immunogenicity of a single dose of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector) in adults 18 years and older: an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2022; 399 (10321): 237-248
- 231 Zhu F, Jin P, Zhu T. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine with a homologous prime-boost regimen in healthy participants aged ≥6 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75 (01) e783-e791
- 232 ABDALA Clinical Study - Phase III | Registro Público Cubano de Ensayos Clínicos. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://rpcec.sld.cu/trials/RPCEC00000359-En
- 233 Russia approves second Covid-19 vaccine after preliminary trials. CNBC Health and Science. Published October 14, 2020. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/14/russia-approves-second-covid-19-vaccine-after-preliminary-trials-.html
- 234 UPDATE 1-Cuba says second COVID-19 vaccine Soberana 2 boasts 91.2% efficacy. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/1-cuba-says-second-covid-004043075.html
- 235 Toledo-Romani ME, Garcia-Carmenate M, Silva CV. et al. Efficacy and safety of SOBERANA 02, a COVID-19 conjugate vaccine in heterologous three-dose combination. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.31.21265703.
- 236 Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: http://www.chumakovs.ru/en/
- 237 Yang S, Li Y, Dai L. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21 (08) 1107-1119
- 238 A phase III clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of ZF2001 for prevention of COVID-19 - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04646590
- 239 Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of QazCovid-in® COVID-19 Vaccine - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04691908
- 240 A new vaccine on the scene: Kazakhstan begins rollout of homegrown QazVac | Fortune. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://fortune.com/2021/04/26/new-covid-19-vaccine-kazakhstan-qazvac/
- 241 Kangtai Biological's COVID-19 vaccine gets emergency use approval in China | Reuters. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-kangtai-idUSKBN2CV1F6
- 242 A study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero Cells), inactivated in healthy adults aged 18 years and older (COVID-19) - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04852705
- 243 High-end Vaccine Biologics Co. Ltd.. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.medigenvac.com/
- 244 Hsieh SM, Liu WD, Huang YS. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine (MVC-COV1901) adjuvanted with CpG 1018 and aluminum hydroxide in healthy adults: a phase 1, dose-escalation study. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38: 100989
- 245 Russian Health Ministry registers EpiVacCorona-N coronavirus vaccine. Interfax International Information Group. Published August 26, 2021. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/72554/
- 246 Kuzubov VI. An open study of the safety, tolerability, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the vaccine based on peptide antigens for the prevention of COVID-19 (EpiVacCorona-N) with the participation of volunteers aged 18 to 60 years (I-II phase). Published April 8, 2021. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://clinline.ru/reestr-klinicheskih-issledovanij/197-08.04.2021.html
- 247 COVIRAN vaccine receives public use license - Tehran Times. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/461968/COVIRAN-vaccine-receives-public-use-license
- 248 IRCT | A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II/III Clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine (Shifa-Pharmed) in a population aged 18 to 75 years. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://en.irct.ir/trial/54881
- 249 China builds new plant for IMBCAMS COVID-19 vaccine -state media. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://news.yahoo.com/china-builds-plant-imbcams-covid-090323899.html
- 250 Pu J, Yu Q, Yin Z. et al. The safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults aged 18-59 years: a phase I randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Vaccine 2021; 39 (20) 2746-2754
- 251 The efficacy, safety and immunogenicity study of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for preventing against COVID-19 - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04659239
- 252 Mittal R. A phase III, randomized, multi-centre, double blind, placebo controlled, study to evaluate efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of Novel Corona Virus -2019-nCov vaccine candidate of M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited. CTRI. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=51254&EncHid=&userName=ZyCoV-D
- 253 Phase III clinical trial of CinnaGen COVID-19 Vaccine (SpikoGen) - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05005559
- 254 Phase 3 booster vaccination against COVID-19 - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05077176
- 255 Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (TURKOVAC) versus the CoronaVac vaccine - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04942405
- 256 Thuluva S. A prospective open label randomised phase-I seamlessly followed by phase-II study to assess the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of biological E's novel Covid-19 vaccine containing receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 for protection against. 2020. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: http://ctri.nic.in
- 257 New Chinese Covid-19 vaccine targeting multiple variants is approved in UAE | South China Morning Post. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3161417/new-chinese-covid-19-vaccine-targeting-multiple-variants
- 258 Clinical Trial on Sequential Immunization of Recombinant COVID-19 Vaccine. (CHO Cells,NVSI-06–08) and inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Vero Cells) in population aged 18 years and above - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05069129
- 259 Two homegrown vaccines receive emergency use license - Tehran Times. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/466570/Two-homegrown-vaccines-receive-emergency-use-license
- 260 IRCT | Comparison of the safety and efficacy of Razi SARS-CoV-2 recombinant Spike protein (Razi Cov Pars) and Sinopharm vaccines in adults aged 18 and over, a phase III randomised, double blind, non-inferiority clinical trial. Accessed January 24, 2022 at: https://www.irct.ir/trial/58143
- 261 Hadj Hassine I. Covid-19 vaccines and variants of concern: a review. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32 (04) e2313
- 262 Vaxzevria (previously COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca): risk of thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders | European Medicines Agency. Accessed January 25, 2022 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/dhpc/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-risk-thrombocytopenia-coagulation-disorders
- 263 Study to Evaluate Efficacy. Immunogenicity and safety of the Sputnik-Light - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed January 25, 2022 at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04741061
- 264 Folegatti PM, Ewer KJ, Aley PK. et al; Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 396 (10249): 467-478
- 265 Hillson K, Clemens SC, Madhi SA, Voysey M, Pollard AJ, Minassian AM. Oxford COVID Vaccine Trial Group. Fertility rates and birth outcomes after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccination. Lancet 2021; 398 (10312): 1683-1684
- 266 Witberg G, Barda N, Hoss S. et al. Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a large health care organization. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (23) 2132-2139
- 267 Shay DK, Gee J, Su JR. et al. Safety monitoring of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine - United States, March-April 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70 (18) 680-684
- 268 Joint CDC and FDA Statement on Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine | FDA. Accessed January 25, 2022 at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/joint-cdc-and-fda-statement-johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine
- 269 Lee EJ, Cines DB, Gernsheimer T. et al. Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Am J Hematol 2021; 96 (05) 534-537
- 270 Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21 (01) 39-51
- 271 Evidence Assessment: Sinopharm/BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine FOR RECOMMENDATION BY THE STRATEGIC ADVISORY GROUP OF EXPERTS (SAGE) ON IMMUNIZATION Prepared by the SAGE Working Group on COVID-19 vaccines 2 EVIDENCE ASSESSMENT: BBIBP-CorV Key evidence to inform policy recommendations on the use of BBIBP-CorV. Accessed February 22, 2022 at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/immunization/sage/2021/april/2_sage29apr2021_critical-evidence_sinopharm.pdf
- 272 Jarynowski A, Semenov A, Kamiński M, Belik V. Mild adverse events of Sputnik V vaccine in Russia: social media content analysis of telegram via deep learning. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23 (11) e30529
- 273 Zhao H, Li Y, Wang Z. Adverse event of Sinovac coronavirus vaccine: deafness. Vaccine 2022; 40 (03) 521-523
- 274 Emary KRW, Golubchik T, Aley PK. et al; COVID-19 Genomics UK consortium, AMPHEUS Project, Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Group. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397 (10282): 1351-1362
- 275 Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL. et al; NGS-SA Group, Wits-VIDA COVID Group. Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (20) 1885-1898
- 276 Sheikh A, McMenamin J, Taylor B, Robertson C. Public Health Scotland and the EAVE II Collaborators. SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. Lancet 2021; 397 (10293): 2461-2462
- 277 Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C. et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (07) 585-594
- 278 Stowe J, Andrews N, Gower C. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admission with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Preprint - Public Health England 2022
- 279 Pormohammad A, Zarei M, Ghorbani S. et al. Effectiveness of covid-19 vaccines against delta (B.1.617.2) variant: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10 (01) 23
- 280 Wu M, Wall EC, Carr EJ. et al. Three-dose vaccination elicits neutralising antibodies against omicron. Lancet 2022; 399 (10326): 715-717
- 281 Dejnirattisai W, Huo J, Zhou D. et al. Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses. medRxiv 2021; 17 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.03.471045.
- 282 Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A. et al; SIREN Study Group. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397 (10286): 1725-1735
- 283 Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM. et al. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet 2021; 397 (10287): 1819-1829
- 284 Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Butt AA. National Study Group for COVID-19 Vaccination. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. N Engl J Med 2021; 385 (02) 187-189
- 285 Chung H, He S, Nasreen S. et al; Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Provincial Collaborative Network (PCN) Investigators. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 covid-19 vaccines against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe covid-19 outcomes in Ontario, Canada: test negative design study. BMJ 2021; 374: n1943
- 286 Tartof SY, Slezak JM, Fischer H. et al. Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2021; 398 (10309): 1407-1416
- 287 South African Trial Supports J&J's COVID-19 vaccine against circulating Delta Strain | BioSpace. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://www.biospace.com/article/south-african-trial-supports-j-and-j-s-covid-19-vaccine-against-circulating-delta-strain/
- 288 Goga A, Bekker LG, Garrett N. et al. Breakthrough Covid-19 infections during periods of circulating Beta, Delta and Omicron variants of concern, among health care workers in the Sisonke Ad26.COV2.S vaccine trial, South Africa. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.21.21268171.
- 289 Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine demonstrates 85 percent effectiveness against hospitalization in South Africa when Omicron was dominant | Johnson & Johnson. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine-demonstrates-85-percent-effectiveness-against-hospitalization-in-south-africa-when-omicron-was-dominant
- 290 Huang B, Dai L, Wang H. et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 VOC 501Y.V2 by human antisera elicited by both inactivated BBIBP-CorV and recombinant dimeric RBD ZF2001 vaccines. bioRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.01.429069.
- 291 Wang GL, Wang ZY, Duan LJ. et al. Susceptibility of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (24) 2354-2356
- 292 Jeewandara C, Aberathna IS, Darshana Pushpakumara P. et al. Antibody and T cell responses to Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV in naïve and previously infected individuals in Sri Lanka. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.15.21260621.
- 293 Ai J, Zhang H, Zhang Y. et al. Omicron variant showed lower neutralizing sensitivity than other SARS-CoV-2 variants to immune sera elicited by vaccines after boost. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11 (01) 337-343
- 294 Bruxvoort KJ, Sy LS, Qian L. et al. Real-world effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: Interim results from a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 6: 100134
- 295 Gushchin VA, Dolzhikova IV, Shchetinin AM. et al. Neutralizing activity of sera from Sputnik V-vaccinated people against variants of concern (VOC: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.617.3) and Moscow Endemic SARS-CoV-2 variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9 (07) 779
- 296 Russia's Sputnik V shot around 90% effective against Delta variant, developers say | Reuters. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-less-effective-against-delta-variant-tass-2021-06-29/
- 297 Barchuk A, Cherkashin M, Bulina A. et al. Vaccine effectiveness against referral to hospital and severe lung injury associated with COVID-19: a population-based case-control study in St. Petersburg, Russia. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.18.21262065.
- 298 Fernández J, Bruneau N, Fasce R. et al. Neutralization of alpha, gamma, and D614G SARS-CoV-2 variants by CoronaVac vaccine-induced antibodies. J Med Virol 2022; 94 (01) 399-403
- 299 Sinovac vaccine works on UK, South African variants - Brazil institute | Reuters. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil/sinovac-vaccine-works-on-uk-south-african-variants-brazil-institute-idUSKBN2AH2H0
- 300 Li XN, Huang Y, Wang W. et al. Effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the Delta variant infection in Guangzhou: a test-negative case-control real-world study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10 (01) 1751-1759
- 301 Pérez-Then E, Lucas C, Monteiro VS. et al. Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants following heterologous CoronaVac plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination. Nat Med 2022; 28 (03) 481-485
- 302 Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL. et al; 2019nCoV-301 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico. N Engl J Med 2022; 386 (06) 531-543
- 303 Shinde V, Bhikha S, Hoosain Z. et al; 2019nCoV-501 Study Group. Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (20) 1899-1909
- 304 Announces N. COVID-19 vaccine booster data demonstrating four-fold increase in neutralizing antibody levels versus peak responses after primary vaccination - Aug 5, 2021. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://ir.novavax.com/2021-08-05-Novavax-Announces-COVID-19-Vaccine-Booster-Data-Demonstrating-Four-Fold-Increase-in-Neutralizing-Antibody-Levels-Versus-Peak-Responses-After-Primary-Vaccination
- 305 Novavax announces initial Omicron cross-reactivity data from COVID-19 vaccine booster and adolescent studies. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/novavax-announces-initial-omicron-cross-reactivity-data-from-covid-19-vaccine-booster-and-adolescent-studies-301450099.html
- 306 Dolzhikova IV, Gushchin VA, Shcheblyakov DV. et al. One-shot immunization with Sputnik Light (the first component of Sputnik V vaccine) is effective against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant: efficacy data on the use of the vaccine in civil circulation in Moscow. medRxiv 2021; DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.08.21264715.
- 307 Sapkal GN, Yadav PD, Ella R. et al. Neutralization of UK-variant VUI-202012/01 with COVAXIN vaccinated human serum. medRxiv 2021 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.426986.
- 308 Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Abraham P. et al. Neutralization of variant under investigation B.1.617.1 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74 (02) 366-368
- 309 Desai D, Khan AR, Soneja M. et al. Effectiveness of an inactivated virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152, in India: a test-negative, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22 (03) 349-356
- 310 COVAXIN™ (BBV152) booster shown to neutralize both Omicron and Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 | Ocugen, Inc. Accessed January 31, 2022 at: https://ir.ocugen.com/news-releases/news-release-details/covaxintm-bbv152-booster-shown-neutralize-both-omicron-and-delta
- 311 ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Accessed March 19, 2022 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-epar-product-information_en.pdf
- 312 European Union Risk Management Plan AstraZeneca. Accessed March 19, 2022 at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/rmp-summary/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-epar-risk-management-plan_en.pdf
- 313 Background document on the inactivated vaccine Sinovac-CoronaVac against COVID-19. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE_recommendation-Sinovac-CoronaVac-background-2021.1
- 314 Background document on the Bharat Biotech BBV152 COVAXIN® Vaccine against COVID-19. Accessed November 17, 2022 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccines-SAGE-recommendation-bbv152-covaxin-background
- 315 Kharbanda EO, Haapala J, DeSilva M. et al. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA 2021; 326 (16) 1629-1631