Diffusion of Radiodense Contrast Medium Following Perineural Injection of the Deep Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve Using Two Different Techniques in Horses: an In Vivo Study

Abstract

Objectives This article evaluates and compares the diffusion pattern of radiopaque contrast medium following perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve performed using two different techniques: weight-bearing or flexed.

Study Design This was an in vivo experimental study.

Methods Eight horses were enrolled. Perineural injection of the right and left deep branch lateral plantar nerves was performed with a weight-bearing or flexed technique, using radiopaque contrast medium (iohexol). Radiographic evaluation was performed after 5 (T5), 15 (T15) and 30 (T30) minutes. The diffusion of contrast medium was assessed independently by two blinded readers who analysed the extension of the main contrast medium bulk and the maximum diffusion of contrast medium in both proximal and distal directions. The effect of time and technique employed on contrast medium diffusion was assessed using two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures (p  ≤  0.05).

Results There was no significant difference in the diffusion of the contrast medium between the two techniques at T15. However, at T30 the weight-bearing technique resulted in a significantly increased diffusion in the proximal direction (p = 0.02). In one case, belonging to the weight-bearing group, contrast medium was identified within the tarsal sheath. There was no evidence of contrast medium in the tarsometatarsal joint of any horse, regardless of the technique used.

Conclusions The two techniques resulted in a similar diffusion at T15. However, the use of a weight-bearing technique resulted in a significant increase in proximal contrast medium diffusion 30 minutes after injection.

Keywords

horses - lameness - deep branch lateral plantar nerve - perineural injection - proximal suspensory ligament

Authors' Contributions

Federica Cantatore contributed to conception of study, study design, acquisition of data and data analysis and interpretation. Marco Marcatili and Jonathan Withers contributed conception of study, study design and acquisition of data. Marco Marcatili also performed the measurements together with Jonathan Withers. Andrea Bertuglia contributed to study design and data analysis and interpretation. Eleonora Pagliara actively contributed to the acquisition of data (obtained the radiographs). All authors drafted, revised and approved the final manuscript.

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