Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667163
How Speech–Language Pathologists Can Minimize Bullying of Children Who Stutter
Publication History
Publication Date:
24 August 2018 (online)
Abstract
Stuttering can be a significant problem for children who stutter, but there is much that speech–language pathologists can do to help. This article summarizes six key steps, based on the work of Murphy and colleagues, that clinicians can take to minimize the occurrence and impact of bullying for children who stutter: (1) educating children about stuttering; (2) educating children about bullying; (3) helping children change the way they think and feel about their stuttering through desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and acceptance activities; (4) helping children learn to use appropriately assertive responses that decrease the likelihood of bullying; (5) educating peers and bystanders about stuttering and bullying so that they are more likely to respond in helpful ways; and (6) educating parents, teachers, and administrators about how they can create an environment where it is not okay to bully, but it is okay to stutter.
Disclosures
J.S.Y. receives royalties as coauthor of materials related to bullying and stuttering therapy published by Stuttering Therapy Resources, Inc., which he co-owns with Nina Reeves. He receives speaker fees for continuing education courses on the topic from MedBridge Education. He has no relevant nonfinancial relationships to disclose.
N.R. receives royalties and ownership interest in Stuttering Therapy Resources, Inc. She has no relevant nonfinancial relationships to disclose.
C.H. is on the board of directors of Friends – The National Association of Young People Who Stutter. She has no relevant nonfinancial relationships to disclose.
-
References
- 1 Blood GW, Blood IM. Bullying in adolescents who stutter: communicative competence and self-esteem. Contemp Issues Commun Sci Disord 2004; 31: 69-79
- 2 Blood GW, Blood IM. Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: relation to increased anxiety. Percept Mot Skills 2007; 104 (3, Pt 2): 1060-1066
- 3 Blood GW, Blood IM, Tramontana GM, Sylvia AJ, Boyle MP, Motzko GR. Self-reported experience of bullying of students who stutter: relations with life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Percept Mot Skills 2011; 113 (02) 353-364
- 4 Davis S, Howell P, Cooke F. Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non-stuttering classmates. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43 (07) 939-947
- 5 Hugh-Jones S, Smith PK. Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer. Br J Educ Psychol 1999; 69 (Pt 2): 141-158
- 6 Langevin M. Bullying experienced by youth who stutter: the problem and potential intervention strategies. In: St Louis KO. , ed. Stuttering Meets Stereotype, Stigma and Discrimination: An Overview of Attitude Research. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press; 2015: 71-90
- 7 Mooney S, Smith PK. Bullying and the child who stammers. Br J Spec Educ 1995; 22 (01) 24-27
- 8 Blood GW, Blood IM. Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. J Fluency Disord 2016; 50: 72-84
- 9 Blood GW, Boyle MP, Blood IM, Nalesnik GR. Bullying in children who stutter: speech-language pathologists' perceptions and intervention strategies. J Fluency Disord 2010; 35 (02) 92-109
- 10 Langevin M. Teasing and Bullying: Unacceptable Behavior. The TAB Program. Edmonton, AB: Institute for Stuttering Treatment and Research; 2000
- 11 Murphy WP, Yaruss JS, Quesal RW. Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter I. Reducing negative reactions through desensitization and cognitive restructuring. J Fluency Disord 2007; 32 (02) 121-138
- 12 Murphy WP, Yaruss JS, Quesal RW. Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter II. Reducing bullying through role-playing and self-disclosure. J Fluency Disord 2007; 32 (02) 139-162
- 13 Murphy WP, Quesal RW, Reardon-Reeves NA, Yaruss JS. Minimizing Bullying for Children Who Stutter. McKinney, TX: Stuttering Therapy Resources, Inc.; 2013
- 14 Olweus D. Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Oxford: Blackwell; 1993
- 15 Smith PK. Understanding School Bullying: Its Nature & Prevention Strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2014
- 16 Tattum DP. Violence and aggressions in schools. In: Tattum DP, Lane DA. , eds. Bullying in Schools. United Kingdom: Trentham Books Ltd.; 1988
- 17 Coloroso B. The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: From Preschool to High School–How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle of Violence. New York: Harper Collins; 2008
- 18 Donnellan MB, Trzesniewski KH, Robins RW, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychol Sci 2005; 16 (04) 328-335
- 19 Rodkin PC, Hodges EVE. Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: four questions for psychologists and school professionals. School Psych Rev 2003; 32 (03) 384-400
- 20 Reardon-Reeves NA, Yaruss JS. School-Age Stuttering Therapy: A Practical Guide. McKinney, TX: Stuttering Therapy Resources, Inc.; 2013
- 21 Murphy WP, Quesal RW. Strategies for addressing bullying with the school-age child who stutters. Semin Speech Lang 2002; 23 (03) 205-212
- 22 Yaruss JS, Coleman CE, Quesal RW. Stuttering in school-age children: a comprehensive approach to treatment. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2012; 43 (04) 536-548
- 23 Plexico L, Manning WH, Dilollo A. A phenomenological understanding of successful stuttering management. J Fluency Disord 2005; 30 (01) 1-22
- 24 Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull 1986; 99 (01) 20-35
- 25 Kaufman G. Shame: The Power of Caring. Rochester, VT: Schenkman Publishing Company; 1985
- 26 Rapee RM, Wignall A, Hudson JL, Schniering CA. Treating Anxious Children and Adolescents: An Evidence-Based Approach. Oakland CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.; 2000
- 27 Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1958
- 28 Ewert A. Fear and anxiety in environmental education programs. J Environ Educ 1986; 18 (01) 33-39
- 29 Pitman RK, Altman B, Greenwald E. , et al. Psychiatric complications during flooding therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52 (01) 17-20
- 30 Rachman S. Studies in desensitization. II. Flooding. Behav Res Ther 1966; 4 (01) 1-6
- 31 Beck AT. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1976
- 32 Ellis A. Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. J Individ Psychol 1957; 13: 38-44
- 33 Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists. J Fluency Disord 2009; 34 (03) 187-200
- 34 Amster B, Klein E. Perfectionism in people who stutter: preliminary findings using a modified cognitive-behavioral treatment approach. Behav Cogn 2008; 36 (01) 35-40
- 35 Nicholas A. Solution focused brief therapy with children who stutter. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2015; 193: 209-216
- 36 Kelman E, Wheeler S. Cognitive behaviour therapy with children who stutter. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2015; 193: 165-174
- 37 Blomgren M. Behavioral treatments for children and adults who stutter: a review. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2013; 6: 9-19
- 38 Yaruss JS. What does it mean to say that a person “accepts” stuttering?. In: Reitzes P, Reitzes D. , eds. Stuttering: Inspiring Stories and Professional Wisdom. Chapel Hill, NC: StutterTalk; 2012
- 39 Beilby JM, Byrnes ML, Yaruss JS. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for adults who stutter: psychosocial adjustment and speech fluency. J Fluency Disord 2012; 37 (04) 289-299
- 40 Fletcher L, Hayes SC. Relational frame theory, acceptance and commitment therapy, and a functional analytic definition of mindfulness. J Ration Cogn Ther 2005; 23 (04) 315-336
- 41 Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J. Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44 (01) 1-25
- 42 Boyle MP. Mindfulness training in stuttering therapy: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists. J Fluency Disord 2011; 36 (02) 122-129
- 43 Kaufman G, Raphael L, Espeland P. Stick Up for Yourself! Every Kid's Guide to Personal Power and Positive Self-Esteem. Revised and Updated. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Pub; 1999