Download PDF
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018; 31(05): 327-331
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1666875
Original Research
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Comparison of Simultaneously Collected Kinetic Data with Force Plates and a Pressure Walkway

Gabriella Sandberg
1   Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
,
Bryan Torres
2   Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
,
Amanda Berjeski
1   Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
,
Steven Budsberg
1   Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

11 September 2017

09 May 2018

Publication Date:
23 August 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective This article compares simultaneously collected kinetic data (percent limb distribution and limb symmetry) with force plates (FP) and a pressure walkway.

Animals This study included 18 healthy client-owned adult dogs.

Methods Vertical ground reaction force and pressure data were collected during two sessions 1 week apart (days 1 and 7) using both FP and pressure mat systems. Vertical ground reaction forces and vertical pressure data were each collected alone as well as simultaneously. A mixed effects model was used to test for differences in force, force percent data and symmetry indices (SI) that were calculated for the thoracic and pelvic limb pairs, between collection systems. A Pearson's correlation was used to test for correlations between force, force percentage and SI.

Results There was no difference in peak vertical force (PVF) or total pressure index (TPI) data collected alone or when collected with pressure mat overlay the FP. Small but significant differences were found in percent limb distribution between PVF% and TPI%. Significant differences were found in the calculated SI for forelimbs and hindlimbs. Correlations between the PVF% and TPI% distribution were significant in both the fore- and hindlimbs. While there was a significant correlation between the forelimb SI, there was no significant correlation between the SI in the hindlimbs.

Clinical Significance The method of calculating PVF and TPI percentages allowed for comparison between the collection methods. Significant differences were noted in the calculated SI between the collection methods and direct comparisons is not advisable.

Keywords

canine gait analysis - ground reaction force in dogs - instrumentation testing - kinetics

Author Contributions

Gabriella Sandberg and Steven Budsberg contributed to conception of study, study design, acquisition of data and data analysis and interpretation. Bryan Torres contributed to conception of study, study design and data analysis and interpretation. Amanda Berjeski contributed to study design, acquisition of data and data analysis and interpretation. All authors drafted, revised and approved the submitted manuscript.


 

  • References

  • 1 Brown DC, Boston RC, Farrar JT. Comparison of force plate gait analysis and owner assessment of pain using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory in dogs with osteoarthritis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27 (01) 22-30
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Mölsä SH, Hyytiäinen HK, Hielm-Björkman AK, Laitinen-Vapaavuori OM. Long-term functional outcome after surgical repair of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10: 266
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Moreau M, Troncy E, Bichot S, Lussier B. Influence of changes in body weight on peak vertical force in osteoarthritic dogs: a possible bias in study outcome. Vet Surg 2010; 39 (01) 43-47
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Quinn MM, Keuler NS, Lu Y, Faria ML, Muir P, Markel MD. Evaluation of agreement between numerical rating scales, visual analogue scoring scales, and force plate gait analysis in dogs. Vet Surg 2007; 36 (04) 360-367
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Au KK, Gordon-Evans WJ, Dunning D. , et al. Comparison of short- and long-term function and radiographic osteoarthrosis in dogs after postoperative physical rehabilitation and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy or lateral fabellar suture stabilization. Vet Surg 2010; 39 (02) 173-180
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Ballagas AJ, Montgomery RD, Henderson RA, Gillette R. Pre- and postoperative force plate analysis of dogs with experimentally transected cranial cruciate ligaments treated using tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Surg 2004; 33 (02) 187-190
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Böddeker J, Drüen S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fehr M, Nolte I, Wefstaedt P. Computer-assisted gait analysis of the dog: comparison of two surgical techniques for the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25 (01) 11-21
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Budsberg SC, Bergh MS, Reynolds LR, Streppa HK. Evaluation of pentosan polysulfate sodium in the postoperative recovery from cranial cruciate injury in dogs: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Vet Surg 2007; 36 (03) 234-244
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Budsberg SC, Chambers JN, Lue SL, Foutz TL, Reece L. Prospective evaluation of ground reaction forces in dogs undergoing unilateral total hip replacement. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57 (12) 1781-1785
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Budsberg SC, Johnston SA, Schwarz PD, DeCamp CE, Claxton R. Efficacy of etodolac for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip joints in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214 (02) 206-210
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW, Flo GL, Probst CW. Force plate analyses before and after stabilization of canine stifles for cruciate injury. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49 (09) 1522-1524
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Conzemius MG, Evans RB, Besancon MF. , et al. Effect of surgical technique on limb function after surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226 (02) 232-236
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Gordon-Evans WJ, Griffon DJ, Bubb C, Knap KM, Sullivan M, Evans RB. Comparison of lateral fabellar suture and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy techniques for treatment of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243 (05) 675-680
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Kapatkin AS, Kim JY, Garcia-Nolan TC. , et al. Modification of the contact area of a standard force platform and runway for small breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2014; 27 (04) 257-262
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Besancon MF, Conzemius MG, Derrick TR. , et al. Comparison of vertical forces in normal greyhounds between force platform and pressure walkway measurement systems. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2003; 16: 153-157
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Kim J, Kazmierczak KA, Breur GJ. Comparison of temporospatial and kinetic variables of walking in small and large dogs on a pressure-sensing walkway. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72 (09) 1171-1177
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Lascelles BD, Roe SC, Smith E. , et al. Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67 (02) 277-282
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Light VA, Steiss JE, Montgomery RD, Rumph PF, Wright JC. Temporal-spatial gait analysis by use of a portable walkway system in healthy Labrador Retrievers at a walk. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71 (09) 997-1002
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Canapp Jr SO, Leasure CS, Cox C, Ibrahim V, Carr BJ. Partial cranial cruciate ligament tears treated with stem cell and platelet-rich plasma combination therapy in 36 dogs: a retrospective study. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3: 112
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Stejskal M, Torres BT, Sandberg GS, Sapora JA, Dover RK, Budsberg SC. Variability of vertical ground reaction forces collected with one and two force plates in healthy dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28 (05) 318-322
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Budsberg SC, Verstraete MC, Soutas-Little RW. Force plate analysis of the walking gait in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48 (06) 915-918
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Carr BJ, Canapp Jr SO, Zink MC. Quantitative comparison of the walk and trot of Border Collies and Labrador Retrievers, breeds with different performance requirements. PLoS One 2015; 10 (12) e0145396
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Keebaugh AE, Redman-Bentley D, Griffon DJ. Influence of leash side and handlers on pressure mat analysis of gait characteristics in small-breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246 (11) 1215-1221
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Budsberg SC, Jevens DJ, Brown J, Foutz TL, DeCamp CE, Reece L. Evaluation of limb symmetry indices, using ground reaction forces in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54 (10) 1569-1574
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Souza AN, Ferreira MP, Hagen SC, Patrício GC, Matera JM. Radial shock wave therapy in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2016; 29 (02) 108-114
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Kano WT, Rahal SC, Agostinho FS. , et al. Kinetic and temporospatial gait parameters in a heterogeneous group of dogs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12: 2
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Berger B, Knebel J, Steigmeier-Raith S, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Long-term outcome after surgical treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small breed dogs. Comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and extra-articular stifle stabilization. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Klientiere Heimtiere 2015; 43 (06) 373-380
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 28 Krotscheck U, Nelson SA, Todhunter RJ, Stone M, Zhang Z. Long term functional outcome of tibial tuberosity advancement vs. tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Vet Surg 2016; 45 (02) 261-268
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Krotscheck U, Todhunter RJ, Nelson SA, Sutter NB, Mohammed HO. Precision and accuracy of ground reaction force normalization in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Vet Surg 2014; 43 (04) 437-445
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Nelson SA, Krotscheck U, Rawlinson J, Todhunter RJ, Zhang Z, Mohammed H. Long-term functional outcome of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular repair in a heterogeneous population of dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42 (01) 38-50
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Volstad NJ, Sandberg G, Robb S, Budsberg SC. The evaluation of limb symmetry indices using ground reaction forces collected with one or two force plates in healthy dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30 (01) 54-58
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Vassalo FG, Rahal SC, Agostinho FS. , et al. Gait analysis in dogs with pelvic fractures treated conservatively using a pressure-sensing walkway. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57: 68
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar