Facial Plast Surg 2018; 34(02): 114-118
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1636935
Original Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Aesthetics of the Upper Face and Brow: Male and Female Differences

Jacob Sedgh
1   Private Practice, Sedgh Plastic Surgery, Los Angeles, California
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
09 April 2018 (online)

Abstract

A hallmark of the modern era of facial plastic surgery is the increasing demand for upper facial rejuvenation by both genders and the growing variety of such options, including both surgical and non-surgical modalities. Thus, now more than ever, differentiating these aesthetic ideals between the two genders and understanding their nuances has become a necessity for the facial cosmetics community. In this article, a detailed comparison of the the pertinent anatomical and topographical differences is presented, followed by a review of the historical evolution of these aesthetic trends.

 
  • References

  • 1 Gunter JP, Antrobus SD. Aesthetic analysis of the eyebrows. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 99 (07) 1808-1816
  • 2 Rossi AM, Fitzgerald R, Humphrey S. Facial soft tissue augmentation in males: an anatomical and practical approach. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 (Suppl. 02) S131-S139
  • 3 Russell MD. The supraorbital torus: a most remarkable peculiarity. Curr Anthropol 1985; 26 (03) 337-360
  • 4 Ferembach D, Schwidetzky I, Stloukal M. Recommendations for age and sex diagnoses of skeletons. J Hum Evol 1980; 9: 517-549
  • 5 Keaney TC, Alster TS. Botulinum toxin in men: review of relevant anatomy and clinical trial data. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (10) 1434-1443
  • 6 McKinney P, Mossie RD, Zukowski ML. Criteria for the forehead lift. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1991; 15 (02) 141-147
  • 7 Goldstein SM, Katowitz JA. The male eyebrow: a topographic anatomic analysis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 21 (04) 285-291
  • 8 Yalçınkaya E, Cingi C, Söken H, Ulusoy S, Muluk NB. Aesthetic analysis of the ideal eyebrow shape and position. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273 (02) 305-310
  • 9 Sundaram H, Kiripolsky M. Nonsurgical rejuvenation of the upper eyelid and brow. Clin Plast Surg 2013; 40 (01) 55-76
  • 10 Knize DM. An anatomically based study of the mechanism of eyebrow ptosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 97 (07) 1321-1333
  • 11 Lemke BN, Stasior OG. The anatomy of eyebrow ptosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100 (06) 981-986
  • 12 Matros E, Garcia JA, Yaremchuk MJ. Changes in eyebrow position and shape with aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124 (04) 1296-1301
  • 13 van den Bosch WA, Leenders I, Mulder P. Topographic anatomy of the eyelids, and the effects of sex and age. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83 (03) 347-352
  • 14 Farhadian JA, Bloom BS, Brauer JA. Male aesthetics: a review of facial anatomy and pertinent clinical implications. J Drugs Dermatol 2015; 14 (09) 1029-1034
  • 15 Scheuer III JF, Matarasso A, Rohrich RJ. Optimizing male periorbital rejuvenation. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 (Suppl. 02) S196-S202
  • 16 Giacomoni PU, Mammone T, Teri M. Gender-linked differences in human skin. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 55 (03) 144-149
  • 17 Shuster S, Black MM, McVitie E. The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density. Br J Dermatol 1975; 93 (06) 639-643
  • 18 Weeden JC, Trotman CA, Faraway JJ. Three dimensional analysis of facial movement in normal adults: influence of sex and facial shape. Angle Orthod 2001; 71 (02) 132-140
  • 19 Westmore MG. Facial cosmetics in conjunction with surgery. Course presented at the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Society Meeting. Vancouver (BC): British Columbia; 1975
  • 20 Ellenbogen R. Transcoronal eyebrow lift with concomitant upper blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983; 71 (04) 490-499
  • 21 Cook TA, Brownrigg PJ, Wang TD, Quatela VC. The versatile midforehead browlift. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115 (02) 163-168
  • 22 Whitaker LA, Morales Jr L, Farkas LG. Aesthetic surgery of the supraorbital ridge and forehead structures. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986; 78 (01) 23-32
  • 23 Freund RM, Nolan III WB. Correlation between brow lift outcomes and aesthetic ideals for eyebrow height and shape in females. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 97 (07) 1343-1348
  • 24 Connell BF, Marten TJ. The male foreheadplasty. Recognizing and treating aging in the upper face. Clin Plast Surg 1991; 18 (04) 653-687
  • 25 McCord CD, Doxanas MT. Browplasty and browpexy: an adjunct to blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990; 86 (02) 248-254
  • 26 Roth JM, Metzinger SE. Quantifying the arch position of the female eyebrow. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2003; 5 (03) 235-239
  • 27 Biller JA, Kim DW. A contemporary assessment of facial aesthetic preferences. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2009; 11 (02) 91-97
  • 28 Griffin GR, Kim JC. Ideal female brow aesthetics. Clin Plast Surg 2013; 40 (01) 147-155
  • 29 Spiegel JH. Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty. Laryngoscope 2011; 121 (02) 250-261