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J Knee Surg 2014; 27(04): 259-266
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371768
Special Focus Section
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Infection: Novel Developments

Antonia Chen
1   Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
,
Jun Fei
2   Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatic Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
,
Carl Deirmegian
1   Department of Orthopaedics, Rothman Institute, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

06 December 2013

27 January 2014

Publication Date:
12 March 2014 (online)

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Abstract

The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) has traditionally been performed by obtaining a history and physical exam, measuring serology, and performing microbiology analysis of synovial fluid and tissue samples. The measurement of serum biomarkers, such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the C-reactive protein (CRP), is routinely used to diagnose PJI. However, these markers are elevated in all inflammatory conditions, necessitating the need for more specific biomarkers to diagnose PJI. Serum biomarkers such as procalcitonin, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, short-chain exocellular lipoteichoic acid, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 may be more specific to PJI. Synovial fluid biomarkers elevated in PJI include cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, interferon-δ, and vascular endothelial growth factor. More specific synovial fluid biomarkers include synovial CRP, α-defensin, human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) and HBD-3, leukocyte esterase, and cathelicidin LL-37. These biomarkers are the future for sensitive and specific diagnosis of PJI.

Keywords

diagnosis - periprosthetic joint infection - serum markers - synovial fluid markers - total joint arthroplasty
 

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