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Sportverletz Sportschaden 2013; 27(3): 147-155
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1335414
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Akute Effekte der Postaktivierungspotenzierung auf Kraft- und Schnelligkeitsleistungen bei Sportlern

Acute Effects of Postactivation Potentiation on Strength and Speed Performance in Athletes
M. Lesinski
1   Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Exzellenzbereich Kognitionswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Trainings- und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam
,
T. Muehlbauer
1   Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Exzellenzbereich Kognitionswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Trainings- und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam
,
D. Büsch
2   Fachbereich Technik und Taktik, Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft Leipzig
3   Fakultät Sport, H:G Hochschule für Gesundheit & Sport Berlin
,
U. Granacher
1   Humanwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Exzellenzbereich Kognitionswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Trainings- und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

Publication Date:
29 April 2013 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund: Eine unmittelbare Voraktivierung eines Muskels oder einer Muskelgruppe kann zu einer Steigerung der nachfolgenden Muskelleistung führen. Die Existenz des Phänomens der Postaktivierungspotenzierung (PAP) konnte durch Originalarbeiten, systematische Literaturüberblicke und Metaanalysen nachgewiesen werden. Jedoch fehlen konkrete Hinweise zu Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen. Der vorliegende Übersichtsbeitrag erläutert die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren des PAP-Effekts und betrachtet den Forschungsstand zu akuten Effekten von PAP-Protokollen auf Kraft- und Schnelligkeitsleistungen bei Leistungs- und Spitzensportlern unterschiedlicher sportlicher Disziplinen. Darüber hinaus wird der Versuch unternommen, evidenzbasierte Hinweise für die Gestaltung von PAP-Protokollen zu formulieren.

Methode: Mithilfe der Datenbanken Pubmed, SportDiscus und Google Scholar wurde eine Literaturrecherche für den Zeitraum 1995 bis März 2013 durchgeführt. Insgesamt konnten 23 relevante Studien identifiziert werden.

Ergebnisse: Die Analyse der Studien zeigte, dass akute PAP-Effekte durch unterschiedliche Konditionierungsaktivitäten bei Leistungs- und insbesondere bei Spitzensportlern ausgelöst werden können. Darüber hinaus scheinen Mehrsatz-Konditionierungsaktivitäten mit moderaten bis hohen Belastungshöhen (60 – 84 % des Einer-Wiederholungs-Maximums) sowie die Berücksichtigung einer Regenerationsdauer von 7 – 10 min nach der Konditionierungsaktivität wichtige Faktoren zu sein, um eine kurzfristige Steigerung der sportlichen oder der Muskelleistung auszulösen.

Schlussfolgerung: Für Leistungs- und v. a. Spitzensportler in kraft- und schnelligkeitsorientierten Sportarten wird die Implementierung individuell gestalteter Konditionierungsaktivitäten zur Auslösung von PAP-Effekten in der akuten Wettkampfvorbereitung empfohlen.

Abstract

Background: The contractile history of a muscle or a muscle group can result in an acute enhancement of subsequent muscle force output. This phenomenon is referred to as postactivation potentiation (PAP) and it was frequently substantiated in original research manuscripts, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. However, there is a lack in the literature regarding precise dose-response relations. This literature review describes the main determinants of PAP effects and additionally presents the state of the art regarding the acute effects of PAP protocols on measures of strength, power, and speed in subelite and elite athletes of different sport disciplines. Furthermore, an attempt is made to demonstrate evidence-based information concerning the design of effective PAP protocols.

Methods: Our literature search included the electronic databases Pubmed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar (1995 – March 2013). In total, 23 studies met the inclusionary criteria for review.

Results: Findings from our literature review indicate that various conditioning activities produce acute PAP effects in subelite and particularly elite athletes. More specifically, conditioning activities that are characterised by multiple sets, moderate to high intensities (60 – 84 % of the one repetition maximum), and rest intervals of 7 – 10 min. following the conditioning activity have the potential to induce short-term improvements in muscle force output and sports performance.

Conclusion: It is recommended that subelite and particularly elite athletes from strength, power, and speed disciplines apply specifically tailored conditioning activities during the acute preparation process for competition to induce performance enhancing PAP effects.

Schlüsselwörter

Konditionierungsaktivität - Belastungsgefüge - sportliche Leistung

Key words

conditioning stimulus - dose-response relationship - athletic performance
 

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