Endokrine Disruptoren

Was ist neu?

Definition Eine einheitliche Definition endokriner Disruptoren gibt es noch nicht. Inzwischen wurden jedoch Schlüsselcharakteristika definiert, welche die Einordnung einer Substanz als endokrinen Disruptor vereinfachen sollen.

Bisherige Forschungsschwerpunkte Der Einfluss endokriner Disruptoren auf den menschlichen Organismus wurde bisher wenig untersucht. Die Schwerpunkte der bisherigen Forschung liegen auf Stoffwechsel-Erkrankungen und Reproduktionsmedizin.

Aktuelle Forschungsbemühungen und Ausblick Die bisherigen Erkenntnisse zu endokrinen Disruptoren beruhen auf epidemiologischen Beobachtungen und Expositionsstudien in Zellkultur und Tierexperimenten. Auch Ökologie und Ökonomie werden durch endokrine Disruptoren beeinflusst. Daher sind globale Bemühungen notwendig, um irreversible Schäden aufzuhalten.

Abstract

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are universally occurring substances with the potential to interrupt the hormonal system, although the definition of EDCs is not yet standardized. Similar to hormones, EDCs are potentially able to act at very low concentrations, which might be considered save from a toxicological viewpoint. Research over the past years showed that EDCs, even in low doses, might have a relevant impact on human health and the environment as well.

The increase of disease burden and disability induced by EDCs causes substantial costs for society. Thus, besides the implications on personal and global health, EDCs affect the economy as well and pose a universal threat to society and environment. Many of the potentially hazardous substances are still inadequately examined and regulated.

In this review, we give a brief summary on the previous efforts to classify EDCs and provide a short summary of the current knowledge

Schlüsselwörter

EDC - Disruptor - Adipositas - Diabetes - Reproduktionsmedizin - Schilddrüse

Key words

EDC - disruptor - obesity - diabetes - reproductive health - thyroid gland

Publication History

Article published online:
01 November 2022

• Literatur

• 1 Kassotis CD, Vandenberg LN, Demeneix BA. et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: economic, regulatory, and policy implications. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2020; 8: 719-730 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30128-5.
• 2 Zoeller RT, Bergman Å, Becher G. et al. A path forward in the debate over health impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Environmental Health 2014; 13: 118 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-118.
• 3 La Merrill MA, Vandenberg LN, Smith MT. et al. Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2020; 16: 45-57 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0273-8.
• 4 Lee HR, Jeung EB, Cho MH. et al. Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2013; 17: 1-11 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01649.x.
• 5 Kelce WR, Stone CR, Laws SC. et al. Persistent DDT metabolite p,pʼ-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 1995; 375: 581-585 DOI: 10.1038/375581a0.
• 6 Martinez-Arguelles DB, Culty M, Zirkin BR. et al. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate decreases mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the adult testis. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 5575-5585 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0847.
• 7 Sargis RM, Neel BA, Brock CO. et al. The novel endocrine disruptor tolylfluanid impairs insulin signaling in primary rodent and human adipocytes through a reduction in insulin receptor substrate-1 levels. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2012; 1822: 952-960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.015.
• 8 Manikkam M, Haque MM, Guerrero-Bosagna C. et al. Pesticide methoxychlor promotes the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset disease through the female germline. PloS one 2014; 9: e102091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102091.
• 9 Di Paola D, Natale S, Iaria C. et al. Environmental Co-Exposure to Potassium Perchlorate and Cd Caused Toxicity and Thyroid Endocrine Disruption in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae (Danio rerio). Toxics 2022; 10 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040198.
• 10 Jakobsen P, Madsen P, Andersen H. Imidazolines as efficacious glucose-dependent stimulators of insulin secretion. European journal of medicinal chemistry 2003; 38: 357-362 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00041-2.
• 11 Zhang Y, Wu L, Zhang G. et al. Effect of low-dose malathion on the gonadal development of adult rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2016; 125: 135-140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.041.
• 12 Kester MH, Bulduk S, Tibboel D. et al. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated PCB metabolites: a novel pathway explaining the estrogenic activity of PCBs. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 1897-1900 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.5.7530.
• 13 LaPlante CD, Bansal R, Dunphy KA. et al. Oxybenzone Alters Mammary Gland Morphology in Mice Exposed During Pregnancy and Lactation. Journal of the Endocrine Society 2018; 2: 903-921 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00024.
• 14 Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon J-P, Giudice LC. et al. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Reviews 2009; 30: 293-342 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0002.
• 15 Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE. et al. EDC-2: The Endocrine Societyʼs Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36: E1-E150 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010.
• 16 Grün F, Watanabe H, Zamanian Z. et al. Endocrine-disrupting organotin compounds are potent inducers of adipogenesis in vertebrates. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md) 2006; 20: 2141-2155 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0367.
• 17 Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C. et al. Pesticide and insect repellent mixture (permethrin and DEET) induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and sperm epimutations. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, NY) 2012; 34: 708-719 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.010.
• 18 Bansal R, Tighe D, Danai A. et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) interferes with thyroid hormone action independent of effects on circulating levels of thyroid hormone in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155: 4104-4112 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1154.
• 19 Gilbert ME, OʼShaughnessy KL, Axelstad M. Regulation of Thyroid-disrupting Chemicals to Protect the Developing Brain. Endocrinology 2020; 161 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa106.
• 20 Kahn LG, Philippat C, Nakayama SF. et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2020; 8: 703-718 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30129-7.