Triterpenoids from Alisma orientale and their NF-кB Inhibitory Activity

Abstract

The rhizome of Alisma orientale (sam.) Juz. is used in clinics for eliminating dampness, reducing edema, and promoting diuresis. This study aimed to elucidate the compounds and investigate their nuclear factor-kappa inhibitory activities in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. A new triterpene, alismaketone B (1); a new natural nortriterpene, noralisolic acid A (2); and 13 known protostane-type triterpenes were isolated from the rhizome of A. orientale. The new structures and their absolute configurations were established using HRESIMS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism experiments. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity on NF-κB. The compounds 8, 9, 10, and 14 showed moderate NF-κB inhibitory activities with their IC₅₀ values being 64.7, 32.3, 47.3, and 37.3 μM, respectively.

Key words

Alisma orientale - Alismataceae - triterpenoids - nuclear factor-kappa B

Introduction

Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. (Alismataceae) is an aquatic medicinal herb mainly harvested in Fujian, Jiangxi, and Sichuan, China. This plant’s dried tubers (Rhizoma alismatis), known as “Zexie” in China [1], are often used in clinics for eliminating dampness, reducing edema, and promoting diuresis [2] [3]. Triterpenes [4] [5] and sesquiterpenes [6] are the major components in A. orientale tubes. Pharmacological studies showed that this plant’s ethanol or water extracts have diuretic [7], lipid-lowering [8], liver-protecting [9], hypoglycemic [10], anti-inflammatory [11], and renal protective activities [12]. Besides, A. orientale’s ethanol extract attenuates lung inflammation in LPS-induced acute lung injury mice by suppressing NF-κB and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 activities [13] [14]. However, the A. orientale’s triterpenoids’ inhibitory activities on NF-кB are still to be studied.

In this study, 15 protostane-type triterpenoids (1–15), including a new triterpenoid, alismaketone B (1), and a new natural nortriterpene, noralisolic acid A (2), as well as a known fatty acid compound (16), were identified from A. orientale’s rhizomes ([Fig. 1]). The new compounds’ absolute structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic or spectrometric methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD. HEK293/NF-κB cells were used to investigate the 15 triterpenoids’ NF-κB inhibition potential, and the isolates’ IC₅₀ values were evaluated for their activities. These compounds exhibited NF-κB inhibition properties and could explain the plant’s traditional use to treat renal diseases.

Fig. 1 Compounds isolated from A. orientale.

Results and Discussion

The rhizomes of A. orientale were extracted with 60% EtOH to produce a brown crude extract. The extract was separated using silica gel and ODS-A column chromatography as well as semi-preparative HPLC into a new triterpenoid (1), alismaketone B; a new natural nortriterpene, noralisolic acid A (2); and 14 known compounds (3–16). Compound identification was performed using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and spectroscopic data were compared with reference compounds reported in the literature. The known compounds were identified as follows: alisol C 23-acetate (3) [15], alisol Q 23-acetate (4) [15], 16,23-oxido-alisol B (5) [16], alismalactone 23-acetate (6) [17], alisol A (7) [15], 25-O-methylalisol A (8) [18], alisol B (9) [15], 25-O-ethylalisol A (10) [18], alisol C (11) [16], alisol F (12) [19], 16-oxo-11-deoxy-alisol A (13) [16], alisol A 24-acetate (14) [15], 16-oxoalisol A (15) [16], and (9Z,12Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadecadienoate (16) [20].

Compound 1 was obtained as a yellow amorphous powder. This compound’s molecular formula was established as C₃₀H₄₈O₅ with a positive HRESIMS (m/z 533.3499, calcd. 533.3478, [M+HCOO]⁻)_. The ¹H NMR spectrum ([Table 1]) of 1 showed the presence of 8 methyl groups at δ _H 1.32 (s), 1.27 (s), 1.19 (s), 1.17 (d, J=7.1 Hz), 1.07 (s), 1.06 (s), 1.05 (s), and 0.89 (s) and 4 oxygenated methines at δ _H 5.13 (t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.10 (m), 3.28 (m), and 3.83 (m). The ¹³C NMR spectrum displayed 30 signals, including a carbonyl carbon at δ _C 220.0; 2 olefinic carbons at δ _C 142.6 and 135.5; 4 oxygenated methine carbons at δ _C 69.9, 71.7, 76.6, and 83.6; and an oxygenated quaternary carbon at δ _C 73.7. Furthermore, 4 quaternary carbons, 3 methines, 7 methylenes, and 8 methyls were determined using ¹³C NMR and DEPT experiments. These data closely resembled those of alismaketones B 23-acetate [21], except for the absence of an acetyl group at C-23. Accordingly, compound 1 should have a hydroxyl group at C-23 instead of the 23-acetate of alismaketones B 23-acetate. The structure of compound 1 was confirmed by the correlations of H-26 (δ _H 1.32)/C-27 (δ _C 28.6), H-24 (δ _H 3.28)/C-27 (δ _C 28.6), H-23 (δ _H 4.10)/C-20(δ _C 28.7), H-21(δ _H 1.17)/C-22(δ _C 41.2), and H-16 (δ _H 5.13)/C-24 (δ _C 76.6) observed in the HMBC spectrum, which we have shown in [Fig. 2].

Fig. 2 Key ¹H-¹H COSY, HMBC (H→C) and NOESY (↔) correlations of compound 1.

Table 1 ¹H (400 MHz) and ¹³C (100 MHz) NMR for compounds 1 and 2 in CDCl_3.

Pos.	1		2
	δ H, J (Hz)	δ C	δ H, J (Hz)	δ C
1	2.20 m	30.7 (t)	2.23 m	31.0 (t)
	2.06 m		2.10 m
2	2.67 m	33.5 (t)	2.66 m	33.7 (t)
	2.34 m		2.33 m
3	–	220.0 (s)	–	220.4 (s)
4	–	46.9 (s)	–	47.0 (s)
5	2.11 m	48.2 (d)	2.08 m	48.5 (d)
6	1.47 m	19.9 (t)	1.45 m	20.0 (t)
	1.28 m		1.29 m
7	2.02 m	34.4 (t)	2.70 m	34.3 (t)
	1.28 m		1.23 m
8	–	40.6 (s)	–	40.5 (s)
9	1.75 d (10.7)	49.3 (d)	1.72 d (10.6)	49.6 (d)
10	–	36.9 (s)	–	36.9 (s)
11	3.83 m	69.9 (d)	3.85 m	70.0 (d)
12	2.64 m	34.1 (t)	2.76 m	34.4 (t)
	2.08 m		2.02 m
13	–	142.6 (s)	–	137.3 (s)
14	–	54.8 (s)	–	57.0 (s)
15	2.32 m	40.0 (t)	1.87 m	30.5 (t)
	1.33 m		1.34 m
16	5.13 t (6.5)	83.8 (d)	2.29 m	29.3 (t)
			2.17 m
17	–	135.6 (s)	–	134.5 (s)
18	1.19 s	23.6 (q)	0.97 s	24.1 (q)
19	1.06 s	25.4 (q)	1.05 s	25.6 (q)
20	2.69 m	28.7 (d)	3.07 m	29.4 (d)
21	1.17 d (7.1)	20.8 (q)	1.06 d (7.1)	19.5 (q)
22	1.88 m	41.2 (t)	2.31 m	40.0 (t)
	1.70 m
23	4.10 m	71.7 (d)	–	177.0 (s)
24	3.28 m	76.6 (d)	–	–
25	–	73.7 (s)	–	–
26	1.32 s	26.1 (q)	–	–
27	1.27 s	28.6 (q)	–	–
28	1.07 s	29.5 (q)	1.07 s	29.6 (q)
29	1.05 s	20.0 (q)	1.05 s	20.1 (q)
30	0.89 s	23.5 (q)	1.10 s	22.8 (q)

The relative configuration of compound 1 was established from the ³ J _H,H coupling value as well as NOESY data. A considerable ³ J _9,11 value of 10.7 Hz indicated the axial-axial relationship of H-9 and H-11. As shown in [Fig. 2], the NOESY correlations of Me-18 (δ _H 0.89) with H-5 (δ _H 2.11), H-11 (δ _H 3.83), H-16 (δ _H 5.13), and H-15α (δ _H 2.32); the correlations of Me-30 (δ _H 1.19) with H-9 (δ _H 1.75) and H-24 (δ _H 3.28); and the correlation of H-24 (δ _H 3.28) with H-15β (δ _H 1.33) indicated that H-5, H-11, H-16, and Me-18 were α-oriented, whereas H-9, H-24, and Me-30 were β-oriented. Additionally, the correlations of Me-19 (δ _H 1.06)/H-9 (δ _H 1.75), H-20 (δ _H 2.70)/H-23 (δ _H 4.10), H-11(δ _H 3.83)/Me-21 (δ _H 1.17), and H-16 (δ _H 5.13)/Me-21 (δ _H 1.17) indicated the β-configurations of Me-19, H-20, and H-23. Compound 1’s experimental ECD spectrum showed a positive cotton effect at 290 nm and a negative cotton effect at 205 nm. The comparison between the TDDFT calculated spectrum (B3LYP/6-311 G* level) and the experimental data showed good agreement with 5 R, 8 R, 9 S, 10 S, 11 S, 14 S, 15 S, 20 R, 23 S, and 24 R. Still, the alternative form revealed a curve with the opposite cotton effect ([Fig. 3]). To the best of our knowledge, 1 was designated as the new protostane-type triterpenoid alismaketone B.

Fig. 3 Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of 1 in MeOH.

Compound 2 was obtained as a yellow amorphous powder. This compound’s molecular formula was assigned as C₂₆H₄₀O₄ by negative HRESIMS at m/z 461.2883 [M+HCOO]⁻ (calcd. 461.2903). The ¹H-NMR spectrum ([Table 1]) showed 6 tertiary methyl groups at δ _H 0.97 (s), 1.05 (s), 1.05 (s), 1.06 (d, J=7.1 Hz), 1.07 (s), and 1.10 (s) and an oxygenated proton signal at δ _H 3.85 (1H, m). The ¹³C-NMR data displayed signals for 2 carbonyls at δ _C 220.4 and 177.0. Compound 2’s ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic data were highly similar to those reported for alisol A (7) [15], except for the absence of oxygenated carbon signals at C-23, C-24, and C-25, and the presence of an additional carbonyl group (δ _C 177.0). Accordingly, 2 should have a carboxyl group at C-23 instead of the triol unit of alisol A (7). This feature is consistent with HMBC correlations observed ([Fig. 4]) between H-22 (δ _H 2.31) and C-23 (δ _C 177.0), C-21 (δ _C 40.0) and C-17 (δ _C 134.5), H-20 (δ _H 3.07) and C-23 (δ _C 177.0), as well as between H-20 (δ _H 3.07) and C-16 (δ _C 29.3).

Fig. 4 Key ¹H-¹H COSY, HMBC (H→C) and NOESY (↔) correlations of compound 2.

A considerable ³ J _9,11 value of 10.6 Hz indicated the axial-axial relationship of H-9 and H-11. The NOESY correlations of Me-18 (δ _H 0.97)/H-11 (δ _H 3.85), H-11/H-5 (δ _H 2.08), Me-18/H-15α (δ _H 1.87), Me-30 (δ _H 1.10)/H-9 (δ _H 1.72), Me-30/H-15β (δ _H 1.34), and H-9/Me-19 (δ _H 1.05) supported the chair, boat, and chair conformations of rings A, B, and C, as well as their ring junction’s trans-cis-trans relationships ([Fig. 4]). The experimental ECD spectrum of 2 showed a positive cotton effect at 293 nm and a negative cotton effect at 203 nm. A comparison of the TDDFT-calculated spectrum (B3LYP/6–311 G* level) and the experimental data showed good agreement with 5 R, 8 R, 9 S, 10 S, 11 S, and 14 S, while the alternative form revealed a curve with the opposite cotton effect ([Fig. 5]). Besides, the absolute configuration at C-20 was considered to be R based on the biogenesis of the protostane skeleton [22]. For the first time, the absolute configuration of 2 was discussed. Compound 2 was assigned as a new natural nortriterpenoid noralisolic acid A.

Fig. 5 Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of compound 2 in MeOH.

Lee reported the synthesis of noralisolic acid A, and its structure was assigned based on IR analysis and limited NMR data [23]. The ¹³C-NMR data of synthetic noralisolic acid A closely resembled those of compound 2, except for the lower field shift of the signal of C-22 (δ _C 57.7). However, this assignment of C-22’s chemical shift was considered incorrect based on the following evidence: (1) the methylene carbon attached to the carboxyl group may give a signal at approximately δ _C 38.0 [24]; (2) an HMBC correlation from H-22 (δ _H 2.31) to C-23 (δ _C 177.0) permitted the carboxyl group of compound 2 to be attached to C-22.

Compounds 1–15 were evaluated for their NF-κB inhibition activity in TNF-α stimulated HEK 293 cell line. Triterpenoids 8–10 and 14 showed moderate inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 64.7, 32.3, 47.3, and 37.3 μM, respectively. However, the other compounds displayed mild NF-κB inhibition at a maximum tested concentration of 50 μM. Additionally, the IC₅₀ of IMD-0354 was 13.3 μM, which was proved that the test system and calculation method were feasible. The results were shown in [Table 2] and [Fig. 6]. The results indicated that the sp³ hybrid C-16 of Alisma triterpenoids (8–10 vs. 3, 11, 13, and 15) is essential for NF-κB inhibition. The side-chain cyclization at C-17 depleted the NF-κB inhibition (9 vs. 5). The hydroxyl groups at C-23 and the less hydrophilic groups at C-24/25 (-OAc or epoxy group) contributed to the NF-κB inhibitory activity (9 and 14 vs. 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15) ([Fig. 7]).

Fig. 6 Inhibitory activity of compounds 8, 9, 10, and 14 in TNF-α stimulated HEK293 cells. HEK293 cells were treated with indicated doses of constituents for 24 h, and then chemiluminescence was determined. IMD-0354 was used as a positive control and possessed an inhibitory rate of approximately 50% at 15 µM. Experiments were performed in duplicate, and data were represented as means±SD.

Fig. 7 Protostane-type triterpenoids’ structure-activity relationships.

Table 2 NF-κB cell line HEK293 inhibitory activities of active compounds.

compound	inhibition rate (%)	IC50 (μM)
8	58.4±0.0 a	64.7 (C.I. 33.4–139.2)
9	94.8±0.4 a	47.3 (C.I. 29.2–78.3)
10	51.7±3.7 a	47.3 (C.I. 29.2–78.3)
14	64.8±3.8 a	37.3 (C.I. 24.3–59.5)
IMD0354	57.6±2.7 b	13.3 (C.I. 10.2–17.6)

^a Measured in 50 μM; ^b Measured in 30 μM. IC₅₀ was afforded with confidence interval (n=2); C.I.: 95% confidence interval. Positive control: IMD-0354.

It has been reported that ethanol extract of A. orientale tuber could suppress LPS-induced NF-κB activity and NF-κB dependent gene expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Alisol B (9) was detected in EEAO by HPLC analysis but was not tested for its NF-κB inhibitory activity [13]. Our results confirmed that not only alisol B (9) but also 25-O-methylalisol A (8), 25-O-ethylalisol A (10), and alisol A 24-acetate (14) were involved in NF-κB activity. Compounds 9 and 14 were also reported to show anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities via inhibiting CD147 and MMP-9 secretion and leukotriene production [25] [26] [27].

In addition, compounds 1–15 were also tested for their antihuman dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity by the reported method [28]. Nonetheless, they did not show any benefit (Data not shown).

Materials and Methods

General experimental procedures

IR spectra were recorded on Chiral IR-2X vibrational circular dichroism spectrometer in deuterated chloroform. The optical rotation was determined on JASCO P-2000 automatic polarimeter in MeOH. NMR spectra were measured on Bruker Avance DRX-400. HRESIMS was performed on Waters Xevo G2-XS Q-TOF mass spectrometer, and the semi-preparative HPLC was performed on Chuangxin Tongheng 3050 N HPLC system with a C₁₈ column (YMC-Pack ODS-A, 5 μm, 10.0×250 mm). The ECD spectra were acquired in MeOH using JASCO J-815 circular dichroism spectrometer. Chemiluminescence measurements for the NF-κB cell line HEK293 inhibition assay were recorded on Envision (PerkinElmer).

Solvents and chemicals

IMD-0354 (purity≥99%) was purchased from Aladdin. DMEM was acquired from BI and FBS from Gibco. Penicillin and streptomycin (P/S) were obtained from Procell. Bright–Glo was gifted by Promega. TNF-α was purchased from Peprotech. DMSO was acquired from Sigma. The solvents used for extraction and chromatographic separation were of analytical purity.

Plant material

The rhizomes of A. orientale were sampled from Pengshan County, Sichuan Province in China, in November 2018 and authenticated by Prof. Tong Wu from Pharmacognosy Department. A voucher specimen (20190409) was deposited in the Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry.

Extraction and isolation

The air-dried and powdered rhizomes (5.0 kg) of A. orientale were extracted with 60% EtOH (15 L×3) for 3 times (2 h each time) under reflux. The combined solution was concentrated to crudeness in vacuo, and the crude extract was suspended in water (3 L), sequentially partitioning it with petroleum ether (60–90°C) and dichloromethane (3×3 L each), respectively. The dichloromethane extract (120.4 g) was chromatographed on a silica gel column (CC) (6×72 cm; 200–300 mesh) and eluted by petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (50:1, 20:1, 10:1, 4:1, 2:1,1:1, v/v) to give 8 fractions (Fr.1–8) based on TLC analyses. Fr.4 (11.17 g) was subjected to an ODS-A gel CC (6.6×20 cm; S-50 μm,12 nm; YMC) and eluted by MeOH/H₂O (1:9, 3:7, 1:1, 7:3, 9:1, and 1:0 v/v) to yield 9 fractions (Fr.4a–4i). Fr.4b (1.73 g) was purified using semi-preparative HPLC (60% CH₃CN in water; 4.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm) to isolate compound 3 (326.0 mg, t_R=21 min). Fr.4d (0.79 g) was purified via semi-preparative HPLC (50% CH₃CN in water; 4.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm) to afford compounds 4 (16.5 mg, t_R=37 min) and 5 (10.2 mg, t_R=42 min). Compounds 6 (62.4 mg, t_R=65.2 min) and 2 (22.9 mg, t_R=27.9 min; 97% purity by HPLC) were obtained from Fr.4 f (0.44 g) through semi-preparative HPLC eluted using CH₃CN/H₂O (78:22, v/v; 3.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm). Fr.4 h (2.96 g) was subjected to semi-preparative HPLC with CH₃CN/H₂O (60:40–80:20, v/v, 90 min; 4.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm) to obtain compounds 7–10 (62.5, 85.8, 228.5, and 34.5 mg, respectively; t_R=14.7, 28.2, 31.6, and 41.2 min). Compound 16 (17.3 mg, t_R=21.3 min) was purified from Fr.4i (0.32 g) by semi-preparative HPLC (80% CH₃CN in water; 4.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm). Fr.6 (6.45 g) was subjected to an ODS-A gel CC eluted with MeOH/H₂O (1:9, 3:7, 1:1, 7:3, 9:1, and 1:0, v/v) to obtain 6 fractions (Fr.6a–6 f). Fr.6b (1.17 g) was further purified via semi-preparative HPLC (40% CH₃CN in water; 3.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm) to obtain compounds 11, 12, 13 (150.0, 30.0, and 26.0 mg, t_R=24, 56 and 31 min) and 1 (16.1 mg, t_R=33 min; 93% purity by HPLC). Compound 14 (12.1 mg, t_R=29 min) was obtained from Fr.6d (0.37 g) and purified using semi-preparative HPLC eluted with CH₃CN/H₂O (57:43, v/v; 3.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm). Finally, Fr.6e (0.25 g) was subjected to semi-preparative HPLC with CH₃CN/H₂O (35:65, v/v; 3.0 mL/min; UV detection at λ 210 nm) to obtain compound 15 (40.1 mg, t_R =21.1 min).

Alismaketone B (1): yellow amorphous powder; + 53.4 (c 0.02, MeOH); ECD (MeOH) λ _max (∆ε) 290 (+2.98), 205 (−9.96); IR (CDCl₃) V_max 3390, 2941, 1695 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic data (see [Tables 1]); HRESIMS at m/z 533.3499 [M+HCOO]⁻ (calcd. for C₃₁H₄₉O₇, 533.3478).

Noralisolic acid A (2): yellow amorphous powder; + 57.0 (c 0.04, MeOH); ECD (MeOH) λ _max (∆ε) 293 (+2.44), 203 (−3.43); IR (CDCl₃) V_max 3444, 2941, 1747, 1699, 1654 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic data (see [Tables 1]); HRESIMS at m/z 415.2817 [M−H]⁻, 831.5751 [2 M−H]⁻, 461.2883 [M+HCOO]⁻ (calcd. for C₂₇H₄₁O₆, 461.2903).

ECD calculation

Computational calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 software. Conformers were generated by the MMFF94 force field and were obtained at 6 kcal/mol. Conformational analyses and geometry optimizations were performed at the B3LYP/6–311 G* level in MeOH. ECD calculations were performed by TDDFT at the B3LYP/6–311 G* level in MeOH. ECD spectra were obtained by weighing each geometric conformation’s Boltzmann distribution rate with a bandwidth σ of 0.3 eV (1) or 0.4 eV (2).

Inhibitory effects on NF-кB cell line HEK293

The NF-кB activity in the TNF-α stimulated HEK293 cell line was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of all these isolates using the modified Bright-Glo method [29]. Compounds 1–15 were dissolved in DMSO to prepare a stock solution, and then each stock solution was serially diluted 2-fold to different concentrations using a culture medium. HEK293 cells were cultured in a DMEM medium plus 10% FBS and 1% P/S were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 40,000 cells/well with 80 μL. After incubating at 37°C under 5% CO₂ overnight, the tested compounds (10 μL) were added to the wells. They were incubated at the same conditions for 2 h, and TNF-α (10 μL, 20 ng/mL) was then added to each well and incubated in the darkness for 24 h. Chemiluminescence was measured on Envision after the addition of 50 µL Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay Reagent to each well.

Inhibition (%)=100−(B/ A×100)

Where, B was the luminescence value of tested compounds, and A was luminescence of the negative control group (with cells, medium, DMSO, and TNF-α).

Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism v.7.0 and were presented as a geometric means with 95% confidence intervals of 2 independent experiments. IMD-0354 was used as a positive control and DMSO as a negative control.

Supporting Information

The 1D/2D NMR and HREIMS spectra of compounds 1 and 2, their optimized geometries, compounds 1 and 2’s calculated conformers’ ECD spectra, the triterpenoid’s NF-κB cell line HEK293 inhibitory activities, as well as the compounds 3–16 experimental NMR data, are available as Supporting Information.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81603279), the National Science and Technology Project of China (No. 2018ZX09731–016), and the S&T Program of Hebei (20272502D). The authors would like to thank Professor Li in the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, for her help in ECD calculation.

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Publication History

Received: 10 March 2021
Received: 23 June 2021

Accepted: 25 June 2021

Article published online:
25 August 2021