Kognitive Neurowissenschaft der psychischen Resilienz

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Resilienz, die Fähigkeit, trotz widriger Umstände psychisch gesund zu bleiben oder es wieder zu werden, ist ein Phänomen, das auch neurowissenschaftlich untersucht wird. Längsschnittliche neurowissenschaftliche Studien, in denen Resilienz als Ergebnis einer erfolgreichen Anpassung an Stress definiert wird, gibt es nur wenige. Erkenntnisse zur Neuropsychobiologie der Resilienz lassen sich jedoch aus Querschnittsstudien ableiten, in denen die Resilienz der Teilnehmenden retrospektiv eingeschätzt wurde. Dieser Artikel stellt ein biopsychosoziales Modell der Resilienz vor, fasst aktuelle neurowissenschaftliche Ergebnisse zusammen und macht methodische Vorschläge für die neurowissenschaftliche Resilienzforschung. Relevante neuronale/neuroendokrine Netzwerke der Resilienz sind das limbisch-kortikale Netzwerk der Stressreaktion, das meso-kortiko-striatale Netzwerk der Belohnungsverarbeitung sowie das Default Mode Netzwerk der interozeptiven Informationsverarbeitung. Kognitive und verhaltensbezogene Strategien, welche die Herunterregulation der Stressreaktion, die Heraufregulation positiven Erlebens sowie flexible Wechsel zwischen intro- und extrozeptiver Prozessierung ermöglichen, können Resilienz begünstigen.

ABSTRACT

Resilience, the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after adversity, is an object of investigation in cognitive neuroscience. Longitudinal neuroscientific studies, in which resilience is defined as the outcome of successful stress-adaptation, are still rare. However, insights into the neuropsychobiology of resilience can already be drawn from cross-sectional studies, in which participants’ resilience is assessed retrospectively. This article presents a biopsychosocial model of resilience, summarizes latest neuroscientific results, and gives methodological recommendations for future approaches in resilience research.

Relevant neural / neuroendocrinological networks of resilience comprise the limbic-cortical network of the stress response, the mesocortico-striatal network of reward processing, and the default mode network of interoceptive processing. Cognitive and behavioral strategies that enable the downregulation the stress response, the upregulation of positive states, as well as flexible switching between internal and external processing, are promising strategies to promote resilience.

Schlüsselwörter

Resilienz - Stress - psychische Gesundheit - Salutogenese - kognitive Neurowissenschaft

Key words

Resilience - stress - mental health - salutogenesis - cognitive neuroscience

Publication History

Article published online:
01 April 2021

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