Download PDF
Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 2021; 31(03): 184-193
DOI: 10.1055/a-1230-7503
Original Article

Injuries and Rapid Weight Loss in Elite Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes: A Korean Prospective Cohort Study

Verletzungen und schnelle Gewichtsabnahme bei jugendlichen Taekwondo-Elitesportlern: eine koreanische prospektive Kohortenstudie
ChanWoo Kim
1   Department of Health Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea (the Republic of)
,
Ki Jun Park
2   Department of Special Education (Physical & Occupational Therapy), Dankook University, Yongin, Korea (the Republic of)
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objectives To report injury patterns associated with training activities of elite adolescent Taekwondo athletes who are expected to represent South Korea in the future.

Methods Beginning in 2019, we prospectively collected data on elite adolescent Taekwondo athletes at the Korean Training Center. The athletes were assessed by sports medicine doctors, and data were stratified according to sex, weight class, injury location, injuries during the weight loss period, and weight loss method. We used χ2 tests were used to compare groups. Injury rates were expressed as Poisson rates with 95% confidence intervals.

Results There were 117 male and 102 female elite adolescent Taekwondo athletes. The mean weight loss among athletes was 3.37 (±1.23) kg, and the mean duration of weight loss was 7.53 (±3.40) days. In general, all athletes used similar weight loss methods. We recorded 846 injuries (annual average, 3.98 injuries/athlete). In general, female athletes had higher injury rates than their male counterparts. Additionally, the athletes had significantly higher injury rates during weight loss periods than during other periods of training. When all athletes were considered, most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (63.2%), followed by the trunk (14.2%), upper extremities (16.3%), and the head and neck area (6.3%). The injury severity significantly influenced the body regions in weight categories.

Conclusion Rapid weight loss is related to the incidence of sports damage in athletes. Most injuries occur during weight loss periods in South Korean elite adolescent Taekwondo athletes. Moreover, the injury rate and injury severity depends on weight class.

Zusammenfassung

Ziele Genaue Darstellung von Verletzungsmustern bei Trainingsaktivitäten von jugendlichen Taekwondo-Elitesportlern, die bei zukünftigen Wettkämpfen Südkorea vertreten sollen.

Methoden Ab 2019 sammelten wir im Koreanischen Trainingszentrum prospektiv Daten über jugendliche Taekwondo-Eliteathleten. Die Athleten wurden von Sportmedizinern beurteilt, und die Daten wurden nach Geschlecht, Gewichtsklasse, Ort der Verletzung, Verletzungen während der Gewichtsabnahme und der Gewichtsabnahme-Methode stratifiziert. Zum Vergleich der Gruppen wurden χ2-Tests verwendet. Die Verletzungsraten wurden als Poisson-Raten mit 95% Konfidenzintervallen ausgedrückt.

Ergebnisse 117 männliche und 102 weibliche jugendliche Taekwondo-Eliteathleten nahmen an der Studie teil. Die durchschnittliche Gewichtsabnahme unter den Athleten betrug 3,37 (±1,23) kg, und die durchschnittliche Dauer der Gewichtsabnahme betrug 7,53 (±3,40) Tage. Generell verwendeten alle Athleten ähnliche Methoden zur Gewichtsabnahme. Wir verzeichneten 846 Verletzungen (Jahresdurchschnitt: 3,98 Verletzungen/Sportler). Im Allgemeinen hatten Athletinnen höhere Verletzungsraten als ihre männlichen Kollegen. Während der Gewichtsabnahme wurde bei den Athleten zudem eine signifikant höhere Verletzungsrate als während anderer Trainingsperioden festgestellt. Bei Berücksichtigung aller Athleten traten die meisten Verletzungen an den unteren Extremitäten auf (63,2%), gefolgt von Rumpf (14,2%), den oberen Extremitäten (16,3%) und dem Kopf- und Nackenbereich (6,3%). Das Ausmaß der Verletzung beeinflusste die Körperregionen in den Gewichtskategorien signifikant.

Schlussfolgerung Rasche Gewichtsabnahme steht in Zusammenhang mit der Inzidenz von Sportschäden bei Athleten. Die meisten Verletzungen treten bei südkoreanischen jugendlichen Taekwondo-Eliteathleten während der Gewichtsabnahme auf. Darüber hinaus hängen die Verletzungsrate und der Verletzungsschweregrad von der Gewichtsklasse ab.

Key words

adolescent Taekwondo - injury - South Korea - epidemiology - rapid weight loss

Schlüsselwörter

jugendliche Taekwondokämpfer - Verletzung - Südkorea - Epidemiologie - schnelle Gewichtsabnahme


Publication History

Received: 22 July 2020

Accepted: 22 July 2020

Article published online:
04 September 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Stuttgart · New York

 

  • References

  • 1 Kukkiwon. World taekwondo headquarters. http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr(accessed 17 Feb 2020)
  • 2 Park KJ, Song BB, Byung SB. Injuries in female and male elite taekwondo athletes: a 10-year prospective, epidemiological study of 1466 injuries sustained during 250 000 training hours. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52: 735-740
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Pieter W, Fife GP, O’Sullivan DM. Competition injuries in taekwondo: A literature review and suggestions for prevention and surveillance. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46: 485-491
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Soligard T, Steffen K, Palmer D. et al. Sports injury and illness incidence in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Summer Games: A prospective study of 11274 athletes from 207 countries. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 1265-1271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Engebretsen L, Soligard T, Steffen K. et al. Sports injuries and illnesses during the London Summer Olympic Games 2012. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 407-414
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Junge A, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy ML. et al. Sports injuries during the Summer Olympic Games 2008. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37: 2165-2172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Chia JK, Tay KB, Suresh P. et al. Medical care delivery at the Inaugural Youth Olympic Games Singapore 2010. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45: 1283-1288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 World taekwondo. http://www.worldtaekwondo.org(accessed 17 Feb 2020)
  • 9 Reale R, Slater G, Burke LM. Individualised dietary strategies for Olympic combat sports: Acute weight loss, recovery and competition nutrition. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17: 727-740
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM. et al. American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1867-1868
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Sundgot-Borgen J, Garthe I. Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. J Sports Sci 2011; 29: 101-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kim KS, Park KJ, Lee J. et al. Injuries in national Olympic level judo athletes: an epidemiological study. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 1144-1150
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 VanMechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HC. Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries. A review of concepts. Sports Med 1992; 14: 82-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Beis K, Tsaklis P, Pieter W. et al. Taekwondo competition injuries in Greek young and adult athletes. Eur J Sports Traumatol Relat Res 2001; 23: 130-136
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Varkiani M, Alizadeh M, Pourkazemi L. Comparison of children and youth taekwondo injuries via sport medicine federation injury surveillance system in Iran, 2009–2010. Procedia Soc. Behav Sci 2013; 82: 542-545
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Pieter W, Zemper ED. Injury rates in children participating in taekwondo competition. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 1997; 43: 89-95
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Lystad RP, Swain MS, Graham PL. Risk factors for injury in Olympic-style competition taekwondo: a systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2013; 53: 655-664
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W. et al. International Olympic Committee con-sensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 372-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Artioli GG, Scagliusi F, Kashiwagura D. et al. Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns in judo players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20: 177-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Goldberg AS, Moroz L, Smith A. et al. Injury surveillance in young athletes: a clinician’s guide to sports injury literature. Sports Med 2007; 37: 265-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Kiningham RB, Gorenflo DW. Weight loss methods of high school wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 810-813
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 da Silva Santos JF, Takito MY, Artioli GG. et al. Weight loss practices in Taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels. J Exerc Rehabil 2016; 12: 202-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Oppliger RA, Utter AC, Scott JR. et al. NCAA rule change improves weight loss among national championship wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 963-970
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Yoon J, Bae M, Kang H. et al. Descriptive epidemiology of sports injury and illness during the Rio 2016 Olympic Games: A prospective cohort study for Korean team. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 2018; 13: 939-946
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kim EK, Kang HY, Kim TG. et al. Sports injury surveillance during Summer Asian Games 2010 in Guangzhou. The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine 2011; 29: 49-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kim TW, Choi KJ, Moon YJ. et al. Analysis of sports injury induced behavior in summer sports. Korean J Sport Sci 2015; 26: 690-701
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Silvers-Granelli H, Mandelbaum B, Adeniji O. et al. Efficacy of the FIFA 11+Injury Prevention Program in the Collegiate Male Soccer Player. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43: 2628-2637
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Caine DJ, Harmer PA, Schiff MA. Epidemiology of injury in Olympic Sports. Wiley-Blackwell; 2009
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Kordi R, Akbarnejad A, Wallace WA. Catastrophic injuries in the Olympic styles of wrestling in Iran. Br J Sports Med 2010; 44: 168-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Lakin JA, Steen SN, Oppliger RA. Eating behaviors, weight loss methods, and nutrition practices among high school wrestlers. J Community Health Nurs 1990; 7: 223-234
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Franchini E, Brito CJ, Artioli GG. Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychological and performance effects. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9: 52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 The Korean Society for Endocrinology, the Korea Diabetes Association, the Korean Association for Obesity, the Korean Association of Nutrition and the Korea Geophysical Society (2016). Joint position of the five-specialized academic societies on the low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet craze. http://www.kns.or.kr/News/Notice_View.asp?idx=670 (accessed 17 Feb 2020)
  • 33 Tipton CM. Consequences of rapid weight loss. In: Nutrition and Athletic Performance W. Haskell, J. Skala, and J. Whittam Eds. Palo Alto, CA: Bull Co; 1982
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Choi WY, Hong SJ, Choi HJ. An analysis of Taekwondo match attack pattern. Korean Journal of Sport Science 2009; 20: 767-777
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Santos VG, Franchini E, Lima-Silva AE. Relationship between attack and skipping in Taekwondo contests. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 1743-1751
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Kazemi M, Waalen J, Morgan C. et al. A Profile Of Olympic Taekwondo Competitors. J Sports Sci Med 2006; 5: 114-121
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Lystad RP, Pollard H, Graham PL. Epidemiology of injuries in competition taekwondo: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2009; 12: 614-621
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Kim EK, Kim TG. Analysis of sports injuries among Korean national players during official training. Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society 2014; 25: 555-565
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Sterkowicz S, Sacripanti A, Sterkowicz-Przybycień K. Techniques frequently used during London Olympic judo tournaments: A biomechanical approach. Archives of Budo 2013; 9: 51-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Dedrick GS, Sizer PS, Merkle JN. et al. Effect of sex hormones on neuromuscular control patterns during landing. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2008; 18: 68-78
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Dutton M. Dutton’s orthopedic examination. evaluation, and intervention. (3rd ed.) McGraw-Hill; 2013
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Kautzky Willer A, Handisurya A. Metabolic diseases and associated complications: sex and gender matter. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009; 39: 631-648
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Carter CW, Ireland ML, Johnson AE. et al. Sex-based Differences in Common Sports Injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018; 26: 447-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar