Osteosynthesis and Trauma Care 2007; 15(4): 178-186
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1004792
Review

© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

The Locking Nail for the Humerus - Does it Fulfill the Expectations?

J. P. A. M. Verbruggen1
  • 1Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
11 June 2008 (online)

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the humeral locking nail in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. First disappointing experiences with reamed locking nails led at least to some controversy. A review of the literature on treatment of humeral fractures showed that he majority of (clinical) information was contained in retrospective reviews; only three prospective or randomized studies were identified. Furthermore the results are not consistent. The criticism based on experiences with first implants is not entirely justified. The humeral locking nail is a valid implant for the treatment of humeral fractures. Like every other implant however it comes with its own specific complications and there is a learning curve. The humeral locking nail therefore should be seen as a complementary technique to the existing implants with its own advantages and drawbacks.

References

  • 1 Ajmal M, O'Sullivan M, McCabe J, Curtin W. Antegrade locked intramedullary nailing in humeral shaft fractures.  Injury. 2001;  32 692-694
  • 2 Albritton M J, Barnes C J, Basamania C J, Karas S G. Relationship of the axillary nerve to the proximal screws of a flexible humeral nail system: an anatomic study.  J Orthop Trauma. 2003;  17 411-414
  • 3 Alnot J Y, Le Reun D. Les lésions traumatiques du tronc du nerf radial au bras.  Rev Chir Orthop. 1989;  75 433-442
  • 4 André S, Feuilhade de Chauvini P, Camilleri A, Bombart M, Tiberi F, Asselineau A. Les fractures récentes de la diaphyse humérale de l’ adulte. Comparaison du traitement orthopédique et des traitements chirugicaux. A propos de 252 cas.  Rev Chir Orthop. 1984;  70 49-61
  • 5 Bain G I, Sandow M J, Howie D W. Treatment of humeral shaft fractures with the Seidel intramedullary nail.  Aust N Z Surg. 1996;  66 156-158
  • 6 Barnes C E, Shuler T E. Complications associated with the Seidel Nail.  Orthop Rev. 1993;  22 699-706
  • 7 Baron J A, Barrett J A, Karagas M R. The epidemiology of peripheral fractures.  Bone. 1996;  18 Suppl 209-213
  • 8 Bell M J, Beauchamp C G, Kellam J K, McMurtry R Y. The results of plating humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple injuries - The Sunnybrook experience.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1985;  67 293-296
  • 9 Bèzes H. De l’intérêt à synthéser par plaque vissée bon nombre de fractures de la diaphyse humérale. A propos de 246 synthèses.  International Orthopedics. 1995;  19 16-25
  • 10 Bhandari M, Devereaux P J, McKee M D, Schemitsch E H. Compression plating versus intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures - a meta-analysis.  Acta Orthop. 2006;  77 279-284
  • 11 Bhandari M, Guyatt G, Tong D, Adili A, Shaughnessy S G. Reamed versus nonreamed intramedullary nailing of lower extremity long bone fractures: a systematic overview and meta-analysis.  J Orthop Trauma. 2000;  14 2-9
  • 12 Blum J, Janzing H, Gahr R, Langendorf S, Rommens P M. Clinical performance of a new medullary humeral nail: antegrade versus retrograde insertion.  J Orthop Trauma. 2001;  15 342-349
  • 13 Blum J, Rommens P M, Janzing H, Langendorff H S. Retrograde Nagelung von Humerusschaftfrakturen mit dem UHN.  Unfallchirurg. 1998;  101 342-352
  • 14 Blum J, Rommens P M, Janzing H. The unreamed humeral nail - a biological osteosynthesis of the upper arm.  Acta Chir Belg. 1997;  97 184-189
  • 15 Blum J, Rommens P M. Proximale Verriegelung von Humerusmarknägel und Verletzungsrisiko des N. axillaris.  Unfallchirurg. 2002;  105 9-13
  • 16 Blum J, Rommens P M. Unaufgebohrte Humerusnagelung. In: Schweiberer L, Tscherne H (eds). Hefte zu „Der Unfallchirurg”. Springer, Berlin 2000
  • 17 Blyth M JG, Macleod C MB, Asante D K, Kinninmonth A WG. Iatrogenic nerve injury with the Russell-Taylor humeral nail.  Injury. 2003;  34 227-228
  • 18 Böstman O, Bakalim G, Vainionpää S, Wilppula E, Pätiälä H, Rokkanen P. Radial palsy in shaft fracture of the humerus.  Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;  57 316-319
  • 19 Böstman O, Bakalim G, Vainionpää S, Wilppula E, Pätiälä H, Rokkanen P. Immediate radial nerve palsy complicating fracture of the shaft of the humerus: when is early exploration justified?.  Injury. 1985;  16 499-502
  • 20 Bradley G W, McKenna G B, Dunn H K, Daniels A U, Statton W O. Effects of flexural rigidity of plates on bone healing.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1979;  61 866-872
  • 21 Brumback R J, Bosse M J, Poka A, Burgess A R. Intramedullary stabilisation of humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple trauma.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1986;  68 960-970
  • 22 Changulani M, Jain U K, Keswani T. Comparison of the use of the humerus intramedullary nail and dynamic compression plate for the managament of diaphyseal gractures of the humerus. A randomised controlled study.  International Orthop. 2007;  31 391-395
  • 23 Chao T-C, Chou W-Y, Chung J-C, Hsu C-J. Humeral shaft fractures treated by dynamic compression plates, Ender nails and interlocking nails.  Int Orthop. 2005;  29 88-91
  • 24 Chapman J R, Henley M B, Agel J, Benca P J. Randomized prospective study of humeral shaft fracture fixation: Intramedullary nails versus plates.  J Orthop Trauma. 2000;  14 162-166
  • 25 Chen C-M, Chiu F-Y, Lo W-H. Treatment of acute closed humeral shaft fractures with Ender-nails.  Injury. 2000;  31 683-685
  • 26 Chiu F-Y, Chen C-M, Lin C-F J, Lo W-H, Huang Y-L, Chen T-H. Closed humeral shaft fractures: a prospective evaluation of surgical treatment.  J Trauma. 1997;  43 947-951
  • 27 Christensen S. Humeral shaft fractures, operative and conservative treatment.  Acta Chir Scand. 1967;  133 455-460
  • 28 Court-Brown C M, Rimmer S, Prakash U, McQueen M M. The epidemiology of open long bone fractures.  Injury. 1998;  29 529-534
  • 29 Cox M A, Dolan M, Synnott K, McElwain J P. Closed interlocked nailing of humeral shaft fractures with the Russell-Taylor nail.  J Orthop Trauma. 2000;  14 349-353
  • 30 Crates J, Whittle A P. Antegrade interlocking nailing of acute humeral shaft fractures.  Clin Orthop. 1998;  350 40-50
  • 31 Crolla R M, de Vries L S, Clevers G J. Locked intramedullary nailing of humeral fractures.  Injury. 1993;  24 403-406
  • 32 Dabezies E J, Banta II C J, Murphy C P, d'Ambrosia R D. Plate fixation of the humeral shaft for acute fractures, with and without radial nerve injuries.  J Orthop Trauma. 1992;  6 10-13
  • 33 Dayez J. Plaque vissée interne dans les fractures récentes de la diaphyse humérale de l’adulte.  Rev Chir Orthop. 1999;  85 238-244
  • 34 Delong W G, Born C T, Marcelli E, Shaikh K A, Iannacone W M, Schwab C W. Ender nail fixation in long bone fractures: Experience in a level I trauma center.  J Trauma. 1989;  29 571-576
  • 35 Dereume J R, Vanhove J P, Danis A. Le traitement des fractures humérales par embrochage centromédullaire selon Hackethal.  Acta Orthop Belg. 1973;  39 561-571
  • 36 Dimakopoulos P, Papadopoulos A X, Papas M, Panagopoulos A, Lambiris E. Modified extra rotator cuff entry point in antegrade humeral nailing.  Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2005;  125 27-32
  • 37 Dufour O, Beaufils P, Ouaknine M, Vives P, Perreau M. Traitement fonctionnel des fractures récentes de la diaphyse humérale par la méthode de Sarmiento.  Rev Chir Orthop. 1989;  75 292-300
  • 38 Durbin R A, Gottesman M J, Saunders K C. Hackethal stacked nailing of humeral shaft fractures.  Clin Orthop. 1983;  179 168-174
  • 39 Eberle C, Keller H, Guyer P, Metzger U. Stabile Verriegelungsmarknagelung bei Humerusfrakturen mit dem Seidel-Nagel.  Helv Chir Acta. 1992;  59 673-677
  • 40 Evans P D, Conboy V BL, Evans E J. The Seidel humeral locking nail: an anatomical study of the complications from locking screws.  Injury. 1993;  24 175-176
  • 41 Farragos A F, Schemitsch E A, McKee M D. Complications of intramedullary nailing for fractures of the humeral shaft: a review.  J Orthop Trauma. 1999;  13 258-267
  • 42 Fernandez F F, Matschke S, Hülsenbeck A, Egenolf M, Wentzensen A. Five years clinical experience with the unreamed humeral nail in he treatment of humeral shaft fractures.  Injury. 2004;  35 264-271
  • 43 Fernandez F F, Winkler H, Merkel G, Freudenberg S, Wentzensen A. Erste klinische Erfahrungen mit der unaufgebohrten Marknagelung bei Humerusschaftfrakturen.  Akt traumatol. 1999;  29 269-276
  • 44 Finkemeier C G, Schmidt A H, Kyle R F, Templeman D C, Varecka T F. A prospective randomised study of intramedullary nails inserted with and without reaming for the treatment of open and closed fractures of the tibial shaft.  J Orthop Trauma. 2000;  14 187-193
  • 45 Flinkkilä T, Hyvönen P, Siira P, Hämäläinen M. Recovery of shoulder joint function after humeral shaft fracture: a comparative study between antegrade intramedullary nailing and plate fixation.  Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;  124 537-541
  • 46 Flinkkilä T, Hyvönnen P, Lakovaara M, Linden T, Ristiniemi J, Hämäläinen M. Intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures - A retrospective study of 126 cases.  Acta Orthop Scand. 1999;  70 133-136
  • 47 Foster R J, Dixon G L, Bach A W, Appleyard R W, Green T M. Internal fixation of fractures and nonunions of the humeral shaft.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1985;  67 857-864
  • 48 Foulk D A, Szabo R M. Diaphyseal humerus fractures: natural history and occurrence of non-union.  Orthopedics. 1995;  18 333-335
  • 49 Frigg R. Locking Compression Plate (LCP). An osteosynthesis plate based on the Dynamic Compression Plate and the Point Contact Fixator (PC-Fix).  Injury. 2001;  32 63-66
  • 50 Frölke J P, Bakker F C, Patka P, Haarman H J. Reaming debris in osteotomised sheep tibiae.  J Trauma. 2001;  50 65-69
  • 51 Frölke J P, Van de Krol H, Bakker F C et al. Destination of debris during intramedullary nailing.  Acta Orthop Belg. 2000;  66 337-340
  • 52 Gaullier O, Rebaï L, Dunaud J L, Moughabghab M, Benaissa S. Traitement des fractures récentes de la diaphyse humérale par enclouage centro-médullaire verrouillé selon Seidel. Révision des 23 premiers cas à 2,5 ans avec étude de la coiffe des rotateurs.  Rév Chir Orthop. 1999;  85 349-361
  • 53 Gerber C, Mast J W, Ganz R. Biological internal fixation of fractures.  Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1990;  109 295-303
  • 54 Goessens M L, Vandenwildenberg F A, Eggink G J, Stapert J W. The Telescopic Locking Nail® for the humerus.  Osteosynthese International. 1996;  4 270-274
  • 55 Grundness O, Reikerås O. Acute effects of intramedullary reaming on bone blood flow in rats.  Acta Orthop Scand. 1993;  64 203-206
  • 56 Habernek H, Orthner E. A locking nail for fractures of the humerus.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1991;  73 651-653
  • 57 Healy W L, White G M, Mick C A, Brooker A F, Weiland A J. Nonunion of the humeral shaft.  Clin Orthop. 1987;  219 206-213
  • 58 Hee H T, Low B Y, See H F. Surgical results of open reduction and plating of humeral shaft fractures.  Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1998;  27 772-775
  • 59 Hegelmaier C, von Aprath B. Die Plattenosteosynthese am diaphysären Oberarmschaft. Indikation - Risiken - Ergebnisse.  Akt Traumatol. 1993;  23 36-42
  • 60 Heim D, Herkert F, Hess P, Regazzoni P. Surgical Treatment of humeral shaft fractures - The Basel experience.  J Trauma. 1993;  35 226-232
  • 61 Helmreich M. Die funktionelle Behandlung der OA-Schaftfrakturen nach Sarmiento.  Unfallchirurg. 1987;  90 502-507
  • 62 Hemms T EJ, Bhullar T PS. Interlocking nailing of humeral shaft fractures - the Oxford experience 1991 to 1994.  Injury. 1996;  27 485-489
  • 63 Holstein A, Lewis G B. Fractures of the humerus with radial nerve paralysis.  J Bone JointSurg [Am]. 1963;  45 1382-1388
  • 64 Ikpeme J O. Intramedullary interlocking nailing for humeral shaft fractures: experiences with the Russell-Taylor Humeral nail.  Injury. 1994;  25 447-455
  • 65 Ingman A M, Waters D A. Locked intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures. Implant design, surgical technique and clinical results.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1994;  76 23-29
  • 66 Jensen J H, Hansen D, Jørgensen U. Humeral shaft fractures treated by interlocking nailing: a preliminary report on 16 patients.  Injury. 1992;  23 234-236
  • 67 Kayser M, Muhr G, op den Winkel R, Ekkernkamp A. Funktionelle Behandlung der Humerusfraktur nach Sarmiento. Ergebnisse nach 3-jähriger Erfahrung.  Unfallchirurg. 1986;  89 253-258
  • 68 Kelsch G, Deffner P, Ulrich C. Die Humerusverriegelungsnagelung nach Seidel - klinische Ergebnisse nach 100 Anwendungen.  Unfallchirurg. 1997;  100 111-118
  • 69 Kempf I, Heckel T H, Pidhorz L E, Taglang G, Grosse A. L’ enclouage verrouillé selon Seidel des fractures diaphysiare humérales récentes. 41 cas revus sur 48 fractures.  Rev Chir Orthop. 1994;  80 5-13
  • 70 Klein M PM, Rahn B A, Frigg R, Kessler S, Perren S M. Reaming versus non-reaming in medullary nailing: interference with cortical circulation of the canine tibia.  Arch OrthopTrauma Surg. 1990;  109 314-316
  • 71 Koch P P, Gross D FL, Gerber C. The results of functional (Sarmiento) bracing of humeral shaft fractures.  J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;  11 143-150
  • 72 Kolonja A, Vecsei N, Mousavi M, Marlovits S, Machold W, Vecsei V. Radial nerve injury after anterograde and retrograde locked intramedullary nailing of humerus. A clinical and anatomical study.  Osteo Trauma Care. 2002;  10 197-199
  • 73 Küntscher G. Intramedullary nailing of non-unions. In: “Practice of intramedullary nailing.” Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, USA 1967; 244-276
  • 74 Kwasny O, Maier R, Kutscha-Lissberg F, Scharf W. Vorgehen bei Oberarmschaftfrakturen mit primärem oder sekundären Radialisschaden.  Unfallchirurgie. 1992;  18 168-173
  • 75 Kwasny O, Maier R, Scharf W. Die operative Versorgung von Humerusschaftfrakturen.  Akt Traumatol. 1990;  20 87-92
  • 76 Kwasny O, Maier R. Die Bedeutung von Nervenschäden bei der Oberarmfraktur.  Unfallchirurg. 1991;  94 461-467
  • 77 Langenberg R. Funktionelle Behandlung von Humerusschaftfrakturen nach Sarmiento. Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen.  Zent Bl Chir. 1987;  112 1271-1277
  • 78 Lin J, Hou S M, Inoue N, Chao E YS, Hang Y S. Anatomic consideration of locked humeral nailing.  Clin Ortop. 1999;  368 247-254
  • 79 Lin J, Inoue N, Valdevit A, Shiong Hang Y, Mou Hou S, Chao E YS. Biomechanical comparison of antegrade and retrograde nailing of humeral shaft fractures.  Clin Orthop. 1998;  351 203-213
  • 80 Lin J, Sheng-Mou H, Yi-Shiong H, Chao E YS. Treatment of humeral shaft fractures by retrograde locked nailing.  Clin Orthop. 1997;  342 147-155
  • 81 Lin J. Treatment of humeral shaft fractures with humeral locked nail and comparison with plate fixation.  J Trauma. 1998;  44 859-864
  • 82 Link W, Henning F. Indikation und Osteosyntheseverfahren bei Humerusschaftfrakturen.  Akt Traumatol. 1988;  18 120-124
  • 83 Livani B, Belangero W D. Bridging plate osteosynthesis of humeral shaft fractures.  Injury. 2004;  35 587-595
  • 84 Loitz D, Könnecker H, Illgner A, Reilmann H. Retrograde Marknagelung von Humerusfrakturen mit neuen Implantaten. Analyse von 120 konsekutiven Fällen.  Unfallchirurg. 1998;  101 543-550
  • 85 McCormack R G, Brien D, Buckley R E, McKee J P, Schemitsch E H. Fixation of fractures of the shaft of the humerus by dynamic compression plate or intramedullary nail.  J BoneJoint Surg [Br]. 1982;  82 336-339
  • 86 Meekers F SL, Broos P LO. Operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures. The Leuven experience.  Acta Orthop Belg. 2002;  68 462-470
  • 87 Michiels I, Broos P, Gruwez J A. The operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures.  Acta Chirug Belg. 1986;  86 147-152
  • 88 Mulier T, Seligson D, Sioen W, Van Den Bergh J, Reynaert P. Operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures.  Acta Ortop Belg. 1997;  63 170-177
  • 89 Nast-Kolb D, Knoefel W T, Schweiberer L. Die Behandlung der Oberarmschaftfraktur -Ergebnisse einer prospektiven AO-Sammelstudie.  Unfallchirurg. 1991;  94 447-454
  • 90 Ochsner P E, Baumgart F, Kohler G. Heat induced segmental necrosis after reaming of one humeral and two tibial fractures with a narrow medullary canal.  Injury. 1998;  29 Suppl. 2 S-B1-S-B10
  • 91 Paris H, Tropiano P, Clouet d'Orval B, Chaudet H, Poitout D-G. Fractures diaphysaires de l'humerus: ostéosynthèse systématique par plaque. Résultats anatomiques et fonctionnels d’ une série de 156 cas et revue de la littérature.  Rev Chir Orthop. 2000;  86 346-359
  • 92 Peeters P MJG, Oostvogel H JM, Bongers K J, van der Werken C. Die frühfunktionelle Behandlung der Humerusschaftfrakturen nach Sarmiento.  Akt Traumatol. 1987;  17 150-152
  • 93 Perren S M. Backgrounds of the ethiology of internal fixators.  Injury. 2003;  34 S-B1-S-B3
  • 94 Petsatodes G, Karataglis D, Papadopoulos P, Christoforides J, Gigis J, Pournaras J. Antegrade interlocking nailing of humeral shaft fractures.  J Orthop Sci. 2004;  9 247-252
  • 95 Prince E J, Breien K M, Fehringer E V, Mormino M A. The relationship of proximal locking screws to the axillary nerve during antegrade humeral nail insertion of four commercially available implants.  J Orthop Trauma. 2004;  18 585-588
  • 96 Reichert I DH, McCarthy I D, Hughes S PF. The acute vascular response to intramedullary nailing.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1995;  77 490-493
  • 97 Remiger A R, Miclau T, Lindsey R W, Blatter G. Segmental avascularity after reamed intramedullary nailing.  J Orthop Trauma. 1997;  11 308-314
  • 98 Riemer B L, Butterfield S L, D'Ambrosia R, Kellam J. Seidel Intramedullary Nailing of humeral diaphyseal fractures: A preliminary Report.  Orthopedics. 1991;  14 239-246
  • 99 Riemer B L, D'Ambrosia R, Kellam J E, Butterfield S L, Burke III C J. The anterior acromial approach for antegrade intramedullary nailing of the humeral diaphysis.  Orthopedics. 1993;  16 1219-1223
  • 100 Riemer B L, Foglesong M E, Burke C J, Butterfield S L. Complications of Seidel intramedullary nailing of narrow diameter humeral diaphyseal fractures.  Orthopedics. 1994;  17 19-29
  • 101 Ring D, Chin K, Jupiter J. Radial nerve palsy associated with high-energy humeral shaft fractures.  J Hand Surg [Am]. 2004;  29 144-147
  • 102 Robinson C M, Bell K M, Court-Brown C M, McQueen M M. Locked nailing of humeral shaft fractures. Experience in Edinburgh over a two year period.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1992;  74 558-562
  • 103 Rommens P M, Blum J, Runkel M. Retrograde nailing of humeral fractures.  Clin Orthop. 1998;  350 26-39
  • 104 Rommens P M, Vansteenkiste F, Stappaerts K H, Broos P LO. Indikationen, Gefahren und Ergebnisse der operativen Behandlung von Oberarmschaftfrakturen.  Unfallchirurg. 1989;  92 565-570
  • 105 Rommens P M, Verbruggen J, Broos P L. Retrograde locking of humeral fractures. A review of 39 patients.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1995;  77 84-89
  • 106 Rommens P M, Verbruggen J, Broos P L. Retrograde Verriegelungsnagelung der Humerusschaftfraktur - Eine klinische Studie.  Unfallchirurg. 1995;  98 133-138
  • 107 Ruf W, Pauly E. Zur Problematik der Humerusverriegelungsnagelung.  Unfallchirurg. 1993;  96 323-328
  • 108 Samardzic M, Grujicic D, Milinkovic Z B. Radial Nerve lesions associated with fractures of the humeral shaft.  Injury. 1990;  21 220-222
  • 109 Sanzana E S, Dümmer R E, Castro J P, Diaz E A. Intramedullary nailing of humeral fractures.  Int Orthop. 2002;  26 211-213
  • 110 Sarmiento A, Kinman P B, Galvin E G, Schmitt R H, Phillips J G. Functional bracing of fractures of the shaft of the humerus.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1977;  59 596-601
  • 111 Sarmiento A, Mullis D L, Latta L L, Eng P, Tarr R R, Alvarez R. A quantitative comparative analysis of fracture healing under the influence of compression plating vs. closed weightbearing treatment.  Clin Orthop. 1980;  149 232-239
  • 112 Sarmiento A, Zagorski J B, Zych G A, Latta L L, Capps C A. Functional bracing for the treatment of fractures of the humeral diaphysis.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 2000;  82 478-486
  • 113 Schatzker J. “Fractures of the Humerus”. In: Schatzker J, Tile M (eds). The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1996; 5: 83-94
  • 114 Scheerlinck T, Handelberg F. Functional outcome after intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures: comparison between retrograde Marchetti-Vicenci and unreamed AO antegrade nailing.  J Trauma. 2002;  52 60-71
  • 115 Schratz W, Wörsdörfer O, Klöckner C, Götze C. Behandlung der Oberarmschaftfraktur mit intramedullären Verfahren (Seidel-Nagel, Marchetti-Vincenzi-Nagel, Prevot-pins).  Unfallchirurg. 1998;  101 12-17
  • 116 Seidel H. Humeral Locking Nail: a preliminary report.  Orthopedics. 1989;  12 219-226
  • 117 Seidel H. The Humeral Locking Nail.  Osteo Int. 1993;  1 46-52
  • 118 Sommer C, Gautier E, Müller M, Helfett D L, Wagner M. First clinical results of the Locking Compression Plate (LCP).  Injury. 2003;  34 S-B-43-S-B-54
  • 119 Sonneveld G J, Patka P, van Mourik J C, Broere G. Treatment of fractures of the shaft of the humerus accompanied by paralysis of the radial nerve.  Injury. 1987;  19 404-406
  • 120 Stoffel K, Dieter U, Stachowiak G, Gächter A, Kuster M S. Biomechanical testing of the LCP. How can stability in locked internal fixators be controlled?.  Injury. 2003;  34 S-B11-S-B19
  • 121 Strachan R K, McCarthy I, Fleming R, Hughes S PF. The role of the tibial nutrient artery - microsphere estimation of blood flow in the osteomised canine tibia.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1990;  72 391-394
  • 122 Strothman D, Templeman D C, Varecka T, Bechtold J. Retrograde nailing of humeral shaft fractures: a biomechanical study of its effects on the strength of the distal humerus.  J Orthop Trauma. 2000;  14 101-104
  • 123 Svend-Hansen H, Skettrup M, Ratchke M W. Complications using the Seidel intramedullary nail: outcome in 31 patients.  Acta Orthopedica Belgica. 1998;  6 291-295
  • 124 Takami H, Takahashi S, Ando M. Severance of the radial nerve complicating transverse fracture of the mid-shaft of the humerus.  Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1999;  119 109-111
  • 125 Thomsen N OB, Mikkelsen J B, Svendsen R N, Skovgaard N, Jensen C H, Jørgensen U. Interlocking nailing of humeral shaft fractures.  J Orthop Sci. 1998;  3 199-203
  • 126 Tornetta P, Tiburzi D. Reamed versus nonreamed anterograde femoral nailing.  J Orthop Trauma. 2000;  14 15-19
  • 127 Trueta J. Blood supply and the rate of healing of tibial fractures.  Clin Orthop. 1974;  105 11-25
  • 128 Tytherleigh-Strong G, Walls N, McQueen M M. The epidemiology of humeral shaft fractures.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1998;  80 249-253
  • 129 Uhthoff H, Dubuc F. Bone structure changes in the dog under rigid internal fixation.  Clin Orthop. 1971;  81 165-170
  • 130 Vander Griend R, Tomasin J, Ward E F. Open reduction and internal fixation of humeral shaft fractures.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1986;  68 430-433
  • 131 Vansteenkiste F P, Rommens P M, Broos P LO. Is een radialis paralyse bij een humerusschacht fractuur een indicatie tot operatie?.  Acta Chir Belg. 1989;  89 215-220
  • 132 Varley G W. The Seidel locking humeral nail: the Nottingham experience.  Injury. 1995;  263 155-157
  • 133 Vecsei N, Kolonja A, Mousavi M, Vecsei V. Die intramedulläre Stabilisierung von Oberarmschaftfrakturen - eine Analyse von Komplikationen zweier Implantate unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse nach Versorgung mit dem unaufgebohrten Humerusverriegelungsnagel.  Wien Klin Wochenschrift. 2001;  113 / 15-16 597-604
  • 134 Verbruggen J, Adriaens S, Goessens M, Stapert J. Reamed nailing of humeral fractures - long term results in 77 cases.  Osteo Trauma Care. 2002;  10 192-196
  • 135 Verbruggen J P, Stapert J W. Humeral fractures in the elderly: treatment with a reamed intramedullary locking nail.  Injury. 2007;  38 945-953
  • 136 Wagner M. General principles for the clinical use of the LCP.  Injury. 2003;  34 Suppl 2 31-42 ,  Review
  • 137 Wallny T, Westermann K, Sagebiel C, Reimer M, Wagner U A. Functional treatment of humeral shaft fractures: indications and results.  J Orthop Trauma. 1997;  11 283-287
  • 138 Wally T, Sagebiel C, Westerman K, Wagner U A, Reimer M. Comparative results of bracing and interlocking nailing in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures.  Int Orthop. 1997;  21 374-379
  • 139 Ward E F, White J L. Interlocked intramedullary nailing of the humerus.  Orthopedics. 1989;  12 135-141
  • 140 Whiteside L A, Ogata K, Lesker P, Reynolds F C. The acute effects of periosteal stripping and medullary reaming on regional bone blood flow.  Clin Orthop. 1978;  131 266-272
  • 141 Wiedmer U. Die Behandlung der frischen Humerusschaftfraktur beim Erwachsenen.  Helv chirurg Acta. 1974;  41 233-238
  • 142 Zagorski J B, Latta L L, Zych G A, Finnieston A R. Diaphyseal fractures of the humerus.  J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1988;  70 607-610

J. P. A. M. VerbruggenMD, PhD 

Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Maastricht

Post Office Box 58 00

Nl-6202 AZ Maastricht

Phone: +31/43/3 87 54 91

Fax: +31/43/3 87 54 73

Email: j.verbruggen@surgery.azm.nl

    >