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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-951892
Was gibt es Neues in der Prävention und Behandlung des Schlaganfalls (2006)
News in Stroke Prevention and Treatment (2006)Publication History
Publication Date:
01 December 2006 (online)
Zusammenfassung
In der Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) Studie war die Kombination von Clopidogrel plus Aspirin einer Monotherapie mit Aspirin in der Primär- und Sekundärprävention vaskulärer Ereignisse nicht überlegen. In Zukunft könnte Rimonabant, ein Cannabinoid-Rezeptorblocker, eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Diese Substanz reduziert das Körpergewicht, führt zu einer Abnahme der Triglyzeride und erhöht die Konzentration von HDL-Cholesterin. Ob die Substanz auch in der Schlaganfallprävention wirksam ist, wird im Moment untersucht. In der Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE-W) Studie war eine Kombination von Clopidogrel plus Aspirin einer oralen Antikoagulation bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern unterlegen. Standard zur Schlaganfallprävention bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern und Risikofaktoren bleibt daher die orale Antikoagulation mit Vitamin K-Antagonisten. Sowohl das Zeitfenster wie die Altersbegrenzung für die systemische Thrombolyse mit rekombinantem Plasminogenaktivator sind nicht mehr als absolute Ausschlusskriterien zu betrachten. Mehrere Studien zeigten, dass eine optimale Patientenauswahl basierend auf dem Diffusions-/Perfusions-Mismatch-Konzept in der Kernspintomographie es erlaubt, Patienten zu identifizieren, die auch im Zeitfenster zwischen 3 und 6 Stunden von einer systemischen Lyse profitieren. Dies gilt auch für Schlaganfallpatienten im Alter über 80 Jahre. Eine randomisierte Studie zeigte, dass tiefe Beinvenenthrombosen bei Patienten nach Schlaganfall und Parese im Bein durch das niedermolekulare Heparin Certoparin mindestens genauso gut verhindert werden können wie durch die 3-mal tägliche Gabe von unfraktioniertem Heparin. In der European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial (ESPRIT) war die Kombination von Aspirin und Dipyridamol einer Aspirin-Monotherapie in der Sekundärprävention des Schlaganfalls eindeutig überlegen und führte nicht zu vermehrten Blutungskomplikationen. Die Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction of Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Studie zeigte, dass eine 5-jährige Behandlung mit 80 mg Atorvastatin im Vergleich zu Plazebo zu einer 16 %-igen relativen Risikoreduktion für weitere Schlaganfälle führt. In der Stent-protected Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid vs. Endarterectomy (SPACE) Studie zeigten die Kurzzeitergebnisse über 30 Tage keinen signifikanten Unterschied bezüglich Mortalität und ipsilateraler Schlaganfallrate bei Patienten, die einer Karotisendarterektomie oder einem Stenting bei hochgradiger, symptomatischer Karotisstenose unterzogen wurden.
Abstract
In the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study, the combination of clopidogrel plus aspirin was not superior to aspirin monotherapy for the prevention of vascular events. In the future, rimonabant, a cannabinoid-receptor antagonist, could play an important role in primary prevention. This compound reduces body weight, lowers triglycerides, and raises HDL-cholesterol levels. Whether it is also effective in prevention of stroke is currently being investigated. A combination of aspirin and clopidogrel was inferior to oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE-W). Oral anticoagulation therefore remains the standard treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation and risk factors. Both age > 80 years a delay > 3 h after stroke onset can no longer be considered absolute contraindications for systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Several studies showed that optimized selection via MRI perfusion/diffusion mismatch enables identification of patients who benefit from systemic thrombolysis within the 3 to 6 h time window. Likewise, patients over 80 years of age show a benefit from systemic thrombolysis. A randomized study in patients with stroke and leg paresis compared low-molecular weight heparinoids (LMWH) versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep venous thrombosis. The LWMH Certoparin was equally effective as 3 times daily application of unfractionated heparin. In secondary prevention of stroke, the European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial (ESPRIT) showed a benefit for the combination of dipyridamol plus aspirin over aspirin without increasing the risk of bleeding. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction of Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study showed a 16 % relative risk reduction of recurrent stroke under 80 mg of atorvastatin compared to placebo. In the Stent-protected Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid vs. Endarterectomy (SPACE) study, short term results were not significantly different for mortality and ipsilateral stroke in patients with symptomatic, high-grade carotid stenosis undergoing thrombendarterectomy versus endovascular stenting.
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Prof. Dr. med. H. C. Diener
PD Dr. med. C. Weimar
Klinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen
Hufelandstr. 55
45147 Essen
Email: h.diener@uni-essen.de