Download PDF
Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 39: 26-35
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-931486
Original Paper
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Schizophrenia, Neurobiology and the Methodology of Systemic Modeling

F. Tretter1 , J. Scherer2
  • 1Department of Addiction, District Hospital, Haar/Munich, Germany
  • 2District Hospital, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
01 March 2006 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Progress in the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia is dependend on the extent of our understanding of the brain as the basis of this disease. Detailed examination of neurobiological data shows that only a systemic approach will integrate this wealth of information. For this reason, the steps involved in model building should be clarified, as further progress will necessitate closer cooperation between neuropsychiatrists, neurobiologists and systems scientists.

References

  • 1 Abbott L, Regehr W G. Synaptic computation.  Nature. 2004;  431(7010) 796-803
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Andreasen N C. Brave new brain. Oxford Univ. Press New York; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Benoit-Marand M, Borrelli E, Gonomn F. Inhibition of dopamine release via presynaptic D2 receptors: time course asnd functional characteristics in vivo.  J Neurosci. 2001;  21 9134-9141
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Brenner H D, Böker W. Schizophrenia as a systems disorder. BritJPsych July 1989 135(Supplement 3)
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Carlsson A. The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.  Neuropsychopharmacology. 1988;  1 179-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Carlsson A, Waters N, Holm-Waters S, Tedroff J, Nilsson M, Carlsson M L. Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence.  Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;  41 237-260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Chuhma N, Zhang H, Masson J, Zhuang X, Sulzer D, Hen R. Rayport St. Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal via Their Glutamatergic Synapses.  J Neurosci. 2004;  24(4) 972-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Cohen J D, Servan-Schreiber D. A theory of dopamine function and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.  Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1993;  19(1) 85-104
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Cooper J R, Bloom F E, Roth R H. The biochemical basis of Neuropharmacology. Oxford Univ Press New York; 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Cragg S J, Rice M E. DAncing past the DAT at a DA synapse.  Trends in Neurosciences. 2004;  27 270-277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Dayan P, Abott L F. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems. Cambridge; MIT Press 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Dym C L. Principles of mathematical modeling. Elsevier San Diego; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Floresco S B, West A R, Ash B, Moore H, Grace A A. Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission.  Nat Neurosci. 2003;  6(9) 968-973
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Forrester J W. Urban dynamics. MIT Press Cambrdige (Mass.); 1961
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Gao W -J, Goldman-Rakic P S. Selective modulation of excitatory and inhibitory microcircuits by dopamine.  PNAS. 2003;  100(5) 2836-2841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Goldman-Rakic P S. The physiological approach: functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia.  BiolPsyc. 1999;  46(5) 650-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Grace A A, Bunney B S. Electrophysiological Properties of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons: Psychopharmacology - The Fourth Generation of Progress. Neuropsychopharmacology Journal 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Haken H. Brain dynamics. Springer Berlin; 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Hannon B, Ruth M. Modeling dynamic biological systems. Springer New York; 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Hannon B, Ruth M. Dynamic modeling. Springer Berlin; 2001
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Hernandez-Lopez S, Bargas J, Surmeier D J, Reyes A, Galarraga E. D1 receptor activation enhances evoked discharge in neostriatal medium spiny neurons by modulating an L-type Ca2+ conductance.  J Neurosci. 1997;  17 3334-3342
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kupper Z. Tschacher W.  Symptom trajectories in psyschotic episodes.Comprehens psych. 2002;  43(4) 311-318
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Lawin A, Nogueira L, Lapish C C, Wightman R M, Phillips P EM, Seamans J K. Mesocortical dopamine neurons operate in distinct temporal domains using multimodal signaling.  J Neurosci. 2005;  25(20) 5013-5023
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Lewis D A, Pierri J N, Volk D W, Melchitzky D S, Woo T -UW. Altered GABA neurotransmission and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia.  Biol Psych. 1999;  46 616-626
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Mackey M C, an der Heiden U. The dynamics of recurrent inhibiton.  J Math Biol. 1984;  19 211-225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Mainzer K. Thinking in Complexity. The Computational Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind. Springer New York; 4th edition 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Meadows D H, Meadows D L, Randers J, Behrens W W. Beyond the limits to Growth. Washington; Potomac Ass 1972
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Meinhardt H. The Virtual Laboratory: The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells. Springer Verlag Berlin; 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Moore H, West A R, Grace A A. The regulation of forebrain dopamine transmission: relevance to the pathophysiology and psychopathology.  Biol Psych. 1999;  46 40-55
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Müller C, Ciompi L. The relationship between anamnestic factors and the course of schizophrenia.  Compr Psychiatry. 1976;  17(3) 387-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Murray J D. Mathematical Biology. Springer New York; 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Ossimitz G. Entwicklung des systemischen Denkens. Profil München; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Richmond B. An introduction to systems thinking. High Performance Systems Hanover/USA; 2001
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Roth B L, Sheffler D J, Kroeze W K. Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia.  Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2004;  3 353-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Schiepek G, Schoppek W, Tretter F. Synergetics in psychiatry - simulation of evolutionary patterns of schizophrenia on the basis of nonlinear difference equations. In: Tschacher, W., Schiepek, G., Brunner, E.J. (Hrsg) Self organization and clinical psychology. Springer Berlin; 1992: S. 163-194
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Schmitz Y, Schmauss C, Sulzer D. Altered dopamine release and uptake kinetics in mice lacking D2 receptors.  J Neurosci. 2002;  22(18) 8002-8009
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Seamans J K, Yang C R. The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex.  Prog Neurobiol. 2004 Sep;  74(1) 1-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Seamans J K, Gorelova N, Durstewitz D, Yang C R. Bidirectional dopamine modulation of GABAergic inhibition in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons.  J Neurosci. 2001;  21(10) 3628-3638
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Seeman P. Atypical antipsychotics: mechanism of action.  Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;  47(1) 27-38
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Seeman P. An update of fast-off dopamine d2 atypical antipsychotics.  Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;  162(10) 1984-1985
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Spitzer M. The mind within the net. MIT Press Cambridge, Mass; 1999
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Sterman J. Bussiness dynamics. McGraw Hill New York; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Trantham-Davidson H, Neely L C, Seamans J K. Mechanisms underlying differential D1 versus D2 dopamine receptor regulation of inhibition in prefrontal cortex.  J Neurosci. 2004;  24(47) 10 652-10 659
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Tretter F. Perspektiven der mathematischen Systemtheorie in der biologischen Psychiatrie.  Krankenhauspsychiatrie. 2004;  15 77-84
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Tretter F. Systemtheorie im klinischen Kontext. Pabst Lengerich; 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Wang Y, Goldman-Rakic P S. D2 receptor regulation of synaptic burst firing in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons.  PNAS. 2004 April 6;  101(14) 5093-5098
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Zeigler B P. Theory of Modeling and Simulation. Academic New York; 2000
    Google Scholar

PD Dr. Dr. Dr. Felix Tretter

Department of Addiction

District Hospital

Ringstr. 9

D-85529 Haar/Munich

Germany

Email: tretter@krankenhaus-haar.de