PDF herunterladen
Seminars in Neurosurgery 2001; 12(2): 139-148
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-17120
Copyright © 2001 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.: +1(212) 584-4662

Neurosurgical Treatment of Movement Disorders: History and Update

Philip L. Gildenberg
  • Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Baylor Medical College, Houston, TX
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
13. September 2001 (online)

    Lizenzen und Reprints

ABSTRACT

Surgery for movement disorders began at the beginning of the last century, but did not become practical until the development of stereotactic surgery in 1947. During the subsequent two decades, an amazing amount of empirical surgery defined the potential targets, most of which involved the reverberating extrapyramidal pathways between the globus pallidus and the ventrolateral thalamus. When L-dopa was introduced in 1968, the amount of surgery for Parkinson's disease plummeted, and with it the expertise and interest in surgery for other movement disorders, as well. With the technological and imaging advances that occurred during the subsequent decades, the stage was set for the rebirth of stereotactic surgery when we were reminded that pallidotomy remains a valuable tool in the management of not only parkinsonism, but the side effects of Parkinson medications as well. The increased interest that was generated was additionally stoked by the suggestion that the use of an implanted stimulator might provide the same benefit as producing a lesion but with less risk.

KEYWORD

Stereotactic surgery - pallidotomy - thalamotomy - Parkinson's disease - dystonia - torticollis - L-dopa - deep brain stimulation - history - technology

REFERENCES

  • 1 Horsley V. Remarks on the surgery of the central nervous system.  Brit Med J . 1890;  ii 1286-1292
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Horsley V. The Linacre Lecture on the function of the so-called motor area of the brain.  Brit Med J . 1909;  ii 125-132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Horsley V, Clarke R H. The structure and functions of the cerebellum examined by a new method.  Brain . 1908;  31 45-124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bucy P C, Buchanan D N. Athetosis.  . 1932;  55 479-492
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Bucy P C. The surgical treatment of abnormal involuntary movements.  J Neurosurg Nurs . 1970;  2 31-39
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Putnam T J. Results of treatment of athetosis by section of extrapyramidal tracts in the spinal cord.  Arch Neurol Psychiatry . 1938;  39 258-275
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Meyers R. Historical background and personal experiences in the surgical relief of hyperkinesia and hypertonus. In: Fields W, ed. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Parkinsonism Springfield, IL: Chas C Thomas 1958: 229-270
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Dandy W E. Changes in our conceptions of localization of certain functions in the brain.  Amer J Physiol . 1930;  93 643-647
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Guiot G, Brion S. Traitement neurochirurgical de syndrome choreoathetosique et parkinsoniens.  Semaine hôp Paris . 1952;  49 2095-2099
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T, Marks M, Lee A S. Stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain.  Science . 1947;  106 349-350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Talairach J, David M, Tournoux P, Corredor H, Kvasina T. Atlas d'anatomie stereotaxique.  Paris: Masson; 1957
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Hassler R, Riechert T. Indikationen und Lokalisationsmethode der gezielten Hirnoperationen.  Nervenarzt . 1954;  25 441-447
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T. Stereoencephalotomy.  New York: Grune & Stratton; 1952
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Schaltenbrand G, Bailey P. Introduction to Stereotaxis with an Atlas of the Human Brain.  Stuttgart: Thieme; 1959
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Schaltenbrand G, Wahren W. Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain.  2nd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1977
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Van Buren J M,, Borke R C.. Variations and Connections of the Human Thalamus. 2. Variations of the Human Diencephalon New York: Springer; 1972
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Andrew J, Watkins E S. Stereotactic Surgery. A Stereotactic Atlas of the Human Brain.  Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1969
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Gildenberg P L. ``Stereotaxic'' versus ``stereotactic''.  Neurosurgery . 1993;  32 965-966
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Johansson G, Laitinen L. Electrical stimulation of the thalamic and subthalamic area in Parkinson's disease.  Confin Neurol . 1965;  26 445-450
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Leksell L. A stereotaxic apparatus for intracerebral surgery.  Acta chir scand . 1949;  99 229-233
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Hécaen H, Talairach J, David M, Dell M D. Coagulations limitées du thalamus dans les algies du syndrome thalamique.  Rev Neurol (Paris) . 1949;  81 917-931
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Bailey P, Stein S N. A stereotaxic apparatus for use on the human brain. AMA Scientific Exhibit, Atlantic City, NJ; 1951
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Narabayashi H. Stereotaxic instrument for operation on the human basal ganglia.  Psychiatr Neurol Jap . 1952;  54 669-671
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Brown R A, Roberts T S, Osborn A G. Stereotaxic frame and computer software for CT-directed neurosurgical localization.  Invest Radiol . 1980;  15 308-312
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Gildenberg P L. Functional neurosurgery. In: Schmidek HH, Sweet WH, eds. Operative Neurosurgical Techniques, Vol II. New York: Grune & Stratton 1982: 993-1043
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Cooper I S. Chemopallidectomy.  Science . 1955;  121 217
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Gildenberg P L. Studies in stereoencephalotomy VIII: comparison of the variability of subcortical lesions produced by various procedures.  Conf Neurol . 1957;  17 299-301
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Narabayashi H, Okuma T. Procaine-oil blocking of the globus pallidus for the treatment of rigidity and tremor of parkinsonism.  Proc Japan Acad . 1953;  9 310-318
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Cooper I S. Clinical results and follow-up studies in a personal series of 300 operations for parkinsonism.  J Amer Geriatr Soc . 1956;  4 1171-1181
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Sweet W H, Mark V H. Unipolar anodal electrolytic lesions in the brain of man and cat: report of five human cases with electrically produced bulbar or mesencephalic tractotomies.  Arch Neurol Psychiatr . 1953;  70 224-234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Hunsperger R W, Wyss O AM. Ausschaltung von Nervengewebe durch Hochfrequenz-Koagulation.  Helv Physiol Pharmacol Acta . 1953;  11 283-304
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Meyers R, Fry W J, Fry F J, Dreyer L L, Schultz D F, Noyes R F. Early experiences with ultrasonic irradiation of the pallidofugal and nigral complexes in hyperkinetic and hypertonic disorders.  J Neurosurg . 1959;  16 32-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Mullan S, Moseley R, Harper P V. The creation of deep cerebral lesions by small beta-ray sources implanted under guidance of fluoroscopic image intensifiers (as used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease).  Amer J Roentgen . 1959;  82 613
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Leksell L, Herner T, Liden K. Stereotaxic radiosurgery of the brain.  Kfysiogr Saellsk Lund Foerh . 1955;  25 1-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Larsson B, Leksell L, Rexed B. The high-energy proton beam as a neurosurgical tool.  Nature . 1958;  182 1222-1223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Cooper I S, Lee A. St.J.. Cryostatic congelation.  J Nerv Ment Dis . 1961;  133 259-263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Le Bas F J, Leviel J L, Decorps M, Benabid A L. NMR relaxation times from serial stereotactic biopsies in human brain tumors.  J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1984;  8 1048-1057
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T, Baird H W. Effect of thalamic and pallidal lesions upon involuntary movements in choreoathetosis.  Trans Am Neurol Assoc . 1950;  75 234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Cooper I S, Bravo G, Riklan M, Davidson N, Gorek E. Chemopallidectomy and chemothalamectomy for parkinsonism.  Geriatrics . 1958;  13 127-147
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Story J L, French L A, Chou S N, Meier M J. Experiences with subthalamic lesions in patients with movement disorders.  Confin Neurol . 1965;  26 218-221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T, Baird III H W. Long-range effects of electropallido-ansotomy in extrapyramidal and convulsive disorders.  Neurology . 1958;  8 734-740
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T, Szekely E G, Rusy B, Baird H W. Study of the mesencephalic tegmentum in paralysis agitans and Parkinsonism.  Arch Neurol Chicago . 1960;  2 46-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Andy O J. Diencephalic coagulation in the treatment of hemiballism.  Conf Neurol . 1962;  22 346-350
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Spiegel E A. Guided Brain Operations.  Basel: Karger; 1982
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T. Pallido-thalamotomy in chorea.  Arch Neurol Psychiatry Chicago . 1950;  64 495-496
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T. Ansotomy in paralysis agitans.  Arch Neurol Psychiatry . 1954;  71 598-614
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Svennilson E, Torvik A, Lowe R, Leksell L. Treatment of parkinsonism by stereotactic thermolesions in the pallidal region: a clinical evaluation of 81 cases.  Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand . 1960;  35 358-377
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Laitinen L V. Leksell's unpublished pallidotomies of 1958-62.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 2000;  74 1-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T, Szekely E G, Adams J, Flanagan M, Baird H W. Campotomy in various extrapyramidal disorders.  J Neurosurg . 1963;  20 871-881
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Wycis H T, Gildenberg P L. Further observations on campotomy in various extrapyramidal disorders. In: Barbeau A, Doshay J, Spiegel EA, eds. Parkinson's Disease Trends in Research and Treatment. New York: Grune and Stratton 1965: 134-148
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Walker A E. Cerebral pedunculotomy for the relief of involuntary movements: parkinsonian tremor.  J Nerv Ment Dis . 1952;  116 766-775
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Cooper I S. Ligation of the anterior choroidal artery for involuntary movements of parkinsonism.  Psychiatr Q . 1953;  27 317-319
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Rand R W, Brown W J, Stern W E. Surgical occlusion of anterior choroidal arteries in parkinsonism: clinical and neuropathologic findings.  Neurology . 1956;  6 390-401
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Cooper I S. Chemopallidectomy and chemothalamectomy for parkinsonism and dystonia.  Proc Roy Soc Med . 1959;  52 47-60
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Cooper I S. Results of 1000 consecutive basal ganglia operations for parkinsonism.  Ann Intern Med . 1960;  52 483-499
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Hassler R, Riechert T, Mundinger F. The precision in anatomical localization of stereotactic Parkinson operations checked with data from autopsies.  Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr . 1969;  212 97-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Hassler R, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Pathophysiology of tremor at rest derived from the correlation of anatomical and clinical data.  Confin Neurol . 1970;  32 79-87
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Hassler R. Architectonic organization of the thalamic nuclei. In: Schaltenbrand G, Walker AE, eds. Stereotaxy of the Human Brain Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thiene Verlag: 1982: 140-180
    Google Scholar
  • 59 Kelly P J. Microelectrode recording for the somatotopic placement of stereotactic thalamic lesions in the treatment of parkinsonian and cerebellar intention tremor.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1980;  43 262-266
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Mundinger F, Riechert T. Die stereotaktischen Hirnoperationen zur Behandlung extrapyramidaler Bewegungsstörungen (Parkinsonismus und Hyperkinesen) und ihre Resultate. Postoperative und Langzeitergebnisse der stereotaktischen Hirnoperationen bei extrapyramidalmotorischen Bewedunasströrungen.  Teil B. Fortsch Neurol Psychiat . 1963;  31 69-120
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Tasker R R, Siqueira J, Hawrylshyn P, Organ L W. What happened to Vim thalamotomy for Parkinson's disease?.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1983;  46 68-83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Laitinen L V. Brain targets in surgery for Parkinson's disease: results of a survey of neurosurgeons.  J Neurosurg . 1985;  62 349-351
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Albe-Fessard D, Arfel G, Guiot G, Hardy J, Hertzog E, Aleonard P. Identification et délimitation précise de certaines structures souscorticales de l'homme par l'electro-physiologie.  CR Acad Sci (Paris) . 1961;  243 2412-2414
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Narabayashi H, Gildenberg P L, Franklin P O. Proceedings of the Meeting on the Use of Microphysiological Recordings during Stereotactic Neurosurgery.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1989;  52 77-261
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ohye C, Maeda T, Narabayashi H. Physiologically defined Vim nucleus: its special reference to control of tremor.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1976;  39 285-295
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Narabayashi H, Ohye C. Importance of microstereoencephalotomy for tremor alleviation.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1980;  43 222-227
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Spiegel E A, Wycis H T. First meeting of the American branch of the International Society for Research in Stereoencephalotomy.  Conf Neurol . 1969;  31 1-144
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Gildenberg P L. Whatever happened to stereotactic surgery?.  Neurosurgery . 1987;  20 983-987
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Gildenberg P L, Kaufman H H, Murthy K SK. Calculation of stereotactic coordinates from the computed tomographic scan.  Neurosurgery . 1982;  10 80-86
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Kelly P J, Alker Jr J G. A method for stereotactic laser microsurgery in the treatment of deep-seated CNS neoplasms.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1980;  43 210-215
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Gildenberg P L. Stereotactic surgery: present and past. In: Heilbrun MP, ed. Concepts in Neurosurgery, Vol.2 Stereotactic Neurosurgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1988: 1-15
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Backlund E O, Granberg P O, Hamberger B, Knutsson E, Martensson A, Sedvall G. Transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue to striatum in parkinsonism: first clinical trials.  J Neurosurg . 1985;  62 169-173
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Madrazo I, Drucker-Colin R, Diaz V. Open microsurgical autograft of adrenal medulla to the right caudate nucleus in two patients with intractable Parkinson's disease.  N Engl J Med . 1987;  316 831-834
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Drucker-Colin R, Madrazo I, Diaz V. Open microsurgical autograft of adrenal medulla to caudate nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease. Presented at Schmitt Neurological Sciences Symposium; 30 June-3 July, 1987; Rochester, NY
    Google Scholar
  • 75 Bakay R A, Allen G S, Apuzzo M, Borges L F, Bullard D E, Ojemann G A. Preliminary report on adrenal medullary grafting from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Graft Project.  .
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Goetz C G, Olanow C W, Koller W C, Penn R D, Cahill D, Morantz R. Multicenter study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus striatum in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.  New Engl J Med . 1989;  320 337-341
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Hitchcock E R, Clough C G, Hughes R C, Kenny B G. Transplantation in Parkinson's disease: stereotactic implantation of adrenal medulla and foetal mesencephalon.  Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) . 1989;  46 48-50
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Jankovic J, Grossman R, Goodman C, Pirozzolo F, Schneider L, Zhu Z. Clinical, biochemical, and neuropathologic findings following transplantation of adrenal medulla to the caudate nucleus for treatment of Parkinson's disease.  Neurology . 1989;  39 1227-1234
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Gildenberg P L, Pettigrew L C, Merrell R, Butler I, Conklin R, Katz J. Transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue to caudate nucleus using stereotactic techniques.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1990;  54-55 268-271
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Mark V H, Gildenberg P L, Franklin P O. Proceedings of the Colloquium on the Use of Embryonic Cell Transplantation for Correction of CNS Disorders.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1984;  47 1-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Brundin P, Barbin G, Isacson O, Mallat M, Chamak B, Prochiantz A. Survival of intracerebrally grafted rat dopamine neurons previously cultured in vitro.  Neurosci Lett . 1985;  61 79-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Dymecki J, Zabek M, Mazurowski W, Lechowicz W. Neurotransplantation III: intracerebral grafting of fetal substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.  Neurol Neurochir Pol . 1994;  28 73-86
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Bakay R A, Barrow D L, Fiandaca M S, Iuvone P M, Schiff A, Collins D C. Biochemical and behavioral correction of MPTP Parkinson-like syndrome by fetal cell transplantation.  Ann NY Acad Sci . 1987;  495 623-640
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Lindvall O, Rehncrona S, Brundin P, Gustavii B, Astedt B, Widner H. Human fetal dopamine neurons grafted into the striatum in two patients with severe Parkinson's disease: a detailed account of methodology and a 6-month follow-up.  Arch Neurol . 1989;  46 615-631
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Bakay R AE, Herring C J. Central nervous system grafting in the treatment of parkinsonism.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1989;  53 1-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Bakay R A, Barrow D L. Neural transplantation for Parkinson's disease.  J Neurosurg . 1988;  69 807-810
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Clarkson E D, Freed C R. Development of fetal neural transplantation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease.  Life Sci . 1999;  65 2427-2437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Hauser R A, Freeman T B, Snow B J, Nauert M, Gauger L, Kordower J H. Long-term evaluation of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in Parkinson disease.  Arch Neurol . 1999;  56 179-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Laitinen L V, Bergenheim A T, Hariz M I. Ventroposterolateral pallidotomy can abolish all parkinsonian symptoms.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1992;  58 14-21
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Laitinen L V, Bergenheim A T, Hariz M I. Leksell's posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.  J Neurosurg . 1992;  76 53-61
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Goetz C G, Diederich N J. There is a renaissance of interest in pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease.  Nat Med . 1996;  2 510-514
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Bakay R A, Starr P A, Vitek J L, Delong M R. Posterior ventral pallidotomy: techniques and theoretical considerations.  Clin Neurosurg . 1997;  44 197-210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Iacono R P, Lonser R R, Mandybur G, Morenski J D, Yamada S, Shima F. Stereotactic pallidotomy results for Parkinson's exceed those of fetal graft.  Am Surg . 1994;  60 777-782
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Gildenberg P L. History of stereotactic surgery. In: Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR, eds. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery New York: McGraw-Hill 1998: 5-20
    Google Scholar
  • 95 Yoshida M. Computerized stereotactic atlases. In: Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR, eds. Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998: 249-258
    Google Scholar
  • 96 Peluso F, Gybels J. Calculation of position of electrode point during penetration in human brain.  Confin Neurol . 1970;  32 213-218
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Giorgi C, Broggi G, Garibotto G, Passerini A, Cerchiari U, Abele M G. Three-dimensional neuroanatomic images in CT-guided stereotaxic neurosurgery.  AJNR . 1983;  4 719-721
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Hardy T L, Koch J, Lassiter A. Computer graphics with computerized tomography for functional neurosurgery.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1983;  46 217-226
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Bertrand G, Jasper H, Wong A, Mathews G. Microelectrode recording during stereotactic surgery.  Clin Neurosurg . 1969;  16 328-355
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Dogali M, Beric A, Sterio D, Eidelberg D, Fazzini E, Takikawa S. Anatomic and physiological considerations in pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1994;  62 53-60
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Lozano A M, Hutchison W D, Dostrovsky J O. Microelectrode monitoring of cortical and subcortical structures during stereotactic surgery.  Acta Neurochir Suppl . 1995;  64 30-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Vitek J L, Bakay R A, Delong M R. Microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for medically intractable Parkinson's disease.  Adv Neurol . 1997;  74 183-198
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Hariz M I. Microelectrode recording during posteroventral pallidotomy: impact on target selection and complications.  Neurosurgery . 1999;  45 675-676
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Alkhani A, Lozano A M. Pallidotomy for parkinson disease: a review of contemporary literature.  J Neurosurg . 2001;  94 43-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Lozano A. 2001, Personal Communication . 
    Google Scholar
  • 106 Favre J, Taha J M, Nguyen T T, Gildenberg P L, Burchiel K J. Pallidotomy: a survey of current practice in North America.  Neurosurgery . 1996;  39 883-892
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Shealy C N, Mortimer J T, Reswick J B. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal column: preliminary clinical report.  Anesth Analg (Cleve) . 1967;  46 489-491
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Gildenberg P L. Treatment of spasmodic torticollis with dorsal column stimulation.  Acta Neurochir (Wien) . 1977;  24(suppl) 65-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Richardson D E, Akil H. Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man, Part 1: acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites.  J Neurosurg . 1977;  47 178-183
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Hosobuchi Y, Adams J E, Rutkins B. Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosas.  Arch Neurol . 1973;  29 158-161
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Cooper I S, Upton A R, Amin I. Reversibility of chronic neurologic deficits: some effects of electrical stimulation of the thalamus and internal capsule in man.  Appl Neurophysiol . 1980;  43 244-258
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Siegfried J. Chronic electrical stimulation of the VL-VPL complex and of the pallidum in the treatment of extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders: personal experience since 1985.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1994;  62 71-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Benabid A L, Pollak P, Seigneuret E, Hoffmann D, Gay E, Perret J. Chronic VIM thalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and extra-pyramidal dyskinesias.  Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) . 1993;  58 39-44
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Benazzouz A, Piallat B, Pollak P, Benabid A L. Responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus complex to high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats: electrophysiological data.  Neurosci Lett . 1995;  189 77-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Pollak P, Benabid A L, Gross C, Gao D M, Laurent A, Benazzouz A. Effects of the stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson disease.  Rev Neurol (Paris ) . 1993;  149 175-176
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Krack P, Poepping M, Weinert D, Schrader B, Deuschl G. Thalamic, pallidal, or subthalamic surgery for Parkinson's disease?.  J Neurol . 2000 (suppl 2);  247 (122-134)
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Thompson T P, Kondziolka D, Albright A L. Thalamic stimulation for choreiform movement disorders in children: report of two cases.  J Neurosurg . 2000;  92 718-721
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Islekel S, Zileli M, Zileli B. Unilateral pallidal stimulation in cervical dystonia.  Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1999;  72 248-252
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Kumar R, Dagher A, Hutchison W D, Lang A E, Lozano A M. Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation for generalized dystonia: clinical and PET investigation.  Neurology . 1999;  53 871-874
    PubMedGoogle Scholar