Download PDF
Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2001; 3(2): 156-163
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-12895
Original Paper
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York

Infrafamilial Phylogeny of the Aquatic Angiosperm Podostemaceae Inferred from the Nucleotide Sequences of the matK Gene

Y. Kita*, M. Kato
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
  • * Research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Further Information

Publication History

September 19, 2000

January 02, 2001

Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)

   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The infrafamilial relationships of Podostemaceae were deduced from nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast matK gene. The matK phylogenetic analyses show that Podostemaceae are composed of two major clades that correspond to the subfamily Tristichoideae sensu stricto and Weddellina and the subfamily Podostemoideae. Weddellina, which has long been recognized as a member of the Tristichoideae, is sister to the Podostemoideae, supporting the classification that recognized a third subfamily Weddellinoideae. Malaccotristicha malayana and Terniopsis sessilis form a basal clade in Tristichoideae sensu stricto. Tristichoideae show a high morphological diversity and, surprisingly, a close relationship exists between Dalzellia zeylanica and Indotristicha ramosissima, which remarkably differ in their body plans. A few genera defined by particular characters, such as Synstylis and Torrenticola, merge into clades of other larger genera. The Podostemoideae taxa studied are composed of two American clades, an Asian-Australian clade and a Madagascan clade, and may suggest that the subfamily perhaps originated in America and migrated to the Old World.

Abbreviations

matK: maturase K

ML: maximum likelihood

MP: maximum parsimony

MYA: million years ago

Key words

Podostemaceae - Weddellinoideae - aquatic plant - molecular phylogeny - matK - biogeography - morphological evolution

References

  • 01 Adachi,  J., and Hasegawa,  M.. (1996) MOLPHY, programs for molecular phylogenetics, version 2.3. Tokyo; Institute of Statistical Mathematics
    Google Scholar
  • 02 Bentham,  G., and Hooker,  J. D.. (1883) Genera plantarum, voir 3. London pp. 10-115
    Google Scholar
  • 03 Chao,  H. C.. (1948);  Discovery of Podostemonaceae in China.  Contr. Inst. Natl. Acad. Peiping. 6 1-17
    Google Scholar
  • 04 Cook,  C. D. K.. (1996) Aquatic plant book. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, New York; SPB Academic Publishing
    Google Scholar
  • 05 Cronquist,  A.. (1981) An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York; Columbia Univ. Press
    Google Scholar
  • 06 Cusset,  C.. (1992);  Contribution à l'étude des Podostemaceae: 12. Les genres asiatiques.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 14 13-54
    Google Scholar
  • 07 Cusset,  C., and Cusset,  G.. (1988 a);  Etude sur les Podostemales. 9. Délimitations taxonomiques dans les Tristichaceae.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 10 149-177
    Google Scholar
  • 08 Cusset,  G., and Cusset,  C.. (1988 b);  Etude sur les Podostemales. 10. Structures florales et végétatives des Tristichaceae.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 10 179-218
    Google Scholar
  • 09 Cusset,  G., and Cusset,  C.. (1988 c);  Etudes sur les Podostemopsida. 11. Répartition et évolution des Tristichaceae.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 10 223-262
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Cusset,  G., and Cusset,  C.. (1989);  Etudes sur les Podostemales. 12. Biogéographie évolutive de Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Sprengel.  Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 4e sér., B, Adansonia. 11 39-70
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Doyle,  J. J., and Doyle,  J. L.. (1987);  A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue.  Phytochem. Bull.. 19 11-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Dransfield,  J., and Whitmore,  T. C.. (1970);  A Posotemaceae new to Malaya: Indotristicha malayana. .  Blumea. 18 151-155
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Engler,  A.. (1930) Reihe Podostemales. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed. Vol. 18 a. Engler, A. and Prantl, K., eds. Leipzig; Engelmann pp. 1-68 pp. 483-484
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Esau,  K.. (1977) Anatomy of seed plants. 2nd ed. New York; John Willey and Sons
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Fahn,  A.. (1990) Plant anatomy. 4th ed. Oxford; Pergamon Press
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Hasegawa,  M., and Kishino,  H.. (1994);  Accuracies of the simple methods for estimating the bootstrap probability of a maximum likelihood tree.  Mol. Biol. Evol.. 11 142-145
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Hasegawa,  M.,, Kishino,  H.,, and Yano,  T.. (1985);  Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA.  J. Mol. Evol.. 22 160-174
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Imaichi,  R.,, Ichiba,  T.,, and Kato,  M.. (1999);  Developmental morphology and anatomy of the vegetative organs in Malaccotristicha malayana (Podostemaceae).  Int. J. Plant Sci.. 160 253-259
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (1995);  Morphologie der Podostemaceae. III. Dalzellia ceylanica (Gard.) Wight (Tristichoideae).  Trop. Subtrop. Pflanzenwelt. 92 1-77
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (1997 a);  Comparative morphology of the vegetative structures of Tristicha trifaria, Indotristicha ramosissima and Dalzellia ceylanica (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae): a review.  Aquatic Bot.. 57 71-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (1997 b);  Embryological and floral studies in Weddellina squamulosa Tul. (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae).  Aquatic Bot.. 57 151-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Jäger-Zürn,  I.. (2000);  Developmental morphology of roots and root-born shoots of Podostemum subulatum as compared with Zeylanidium olivaceum (Podostemaceae - Podostemoideae). Part VII of the series “Morphology of Podostemaceae”.  Plant Syst. Evol.. 220 55-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Kishino,  H.,, Miyata,  T.,, and Hasegawa,  M.. (1990);  Maximum likelihood inference of protein phylogeny, and the origin of chloroplasts.  J. Mol. Evol.. 31 151-160
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Les,  D. H.,, Philbrick,  C. T.,, and Novelo,  A.. (1997);  The phylogenetic position of river-weeds (Podostemaceae): insights from rbcL sequence data.  Aquatic Bot.. 57 5-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Les,  D. H.,, Philbrick,  C. T.,, and Novelo,  A.. (1998);  Phylogeography of the Podostemaceae sensu lato: a hypothesis of multiple tropical radiation.  Am. J. Bot.. 85 141
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Maddison,  W. P., and Maddison,  D. R.. (1992) MacClade, Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, version 3.08. Sunderland; Sinauer Associates
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Mathew,  C. J., and Satheesh,  V. K.. (1997);  Taxonomy and distribution of the Podostemaceae in Kerala, India.  Aquatic Bot.. 57 243-274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Nei,  M., and Gojobori,  T.. (1986);  Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions.  Mol. Biol. Evol.. 3 418-426
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ooi,  K.,, Endo,  Y.,, Yokoyama,  J.,, and Murakami,  N.. (1995);  Useful primer designs to amplify DNA fragments of the plastid gene matK from angiosperm plants.  J. Jap. Bot.. 70 328-331
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Ota,  M.,, Imaichi,  R.,, and Kato,  M.. (2001);  Developmental morphology of the thalloid Hydrobryum japonicum (Podostemaceae).  Am. J. Bot.. 88 382-390
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Rutishauser,  R.. (1995);  Developmental patterns of leaves in Podostemaceae compared with more typical flowering plants: saltational evolution and fuzzy morphology.  Canad. J. Bot.. 73 1305-1317
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Rutishauser,  R.. (1997);  Structural and developmental diversity in Podostemaceae (river-weeds).  Aquatic Bot.. 57 29-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Rutishauser,  R., and Huber,  K. A.. (1991);  The developmental morphology of Indotristicha ramosissima (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae).  Plant Syst. Evol.. 178 195-223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Savolainen,  V.,, Fay,  M. F.,, Albach,  D. C.,, Backlund,  A.,, van der Bank,  M.,, Cameron,  K. M.,, Johnson,  S. A.,, Lledó,  M. D.,, Pintaud,  J.-C.,, Powell,  M.,, Sheahan,  M. C.,, Soltis,  D. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Weston,  P.,, Whitten,  W. M.,, Wurdack,  K. J.,, and Chase,  M. W.. (2000);  Phylogeny of the eudicots: a nearly complete familial analysis based on rbcL gene sequences.  Kew Bull.. 55 257-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Schnell,  R. A. A.. (1998) Anatomie des Podostémacées. Extreme adaptations in angiospermous hydrophytes. Landolt, E., Jäger-Zürn, I., and Schnell, R. A. A., eds. Berlin; Gebrüder Borntraeger pp. 197-209
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Soltis,  D. E.,, Mort,  M. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Hibsch-Jetter,  C.,, Zimmer,  E. A.,, and Morgan,  D.. (1999);  Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic angiosperm family Podostemaceae inferred from 18S rDNA and rbcL sequence data.  Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.. 11 261-272
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Soltis,  D. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Chase,  M. W.,, Mort,  M. E.,, Albach,  D. C.,, Zanis,  M.,, Savolainen,  V.,, Hahn,  W. H.,, Hoot,  S. B.,, Fay,  M. F.,, Axtell,  M.,, Swensen,  S. M.,, Prince,  L. M.,, Kress,  W. J.,, Nixon,  K. C.,, and Farris,  J. S.. (2000);  Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences.  Bot. J. Linn. Soc.. 133 381-461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Swofford,  D. L.. (1999) PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b3. Sunderland; Sinauer Associates
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Takhtajan,  A.. (1980);  Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta).  Bot. Review. 46 255-359
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Takhtajan,  A.. (1997) Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York; Columbia Univ. Press
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Taylor,  T. N., and Taylor,  E. L.. (1993) The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Englewood Cliffs; Prentice-Hall
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Thompson,  J. D.,, Gibson,  T. J.,, Plewniak,  F.,, Jeanmougin,  F.,, and Higgins,  D. G.. (1997);  The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.  Nucl. Acids Res.. 25 4876-4882
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Thorne,  R. F.. (1992);  Classification and geography of the flowering plants.  Bot. Review. 58 225-348
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Ueda,  K.,, Hanyuda,  T.,, Nakano,  A.,, Shiuchi,  T.,, Seo,  A.,, Okubo,  H.,, and Hotta,  M.. (1997);  Molecular phylogenetic position of Podostemaceae, a marvelous aquatic flowering plant family.  J. Plant Res.. 110 87-92
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Uniyal,  P. L.. (1999);  Studies on Indotristicha tirunelveliana Sharma, Karthik. and Shetty (Podostemaceae): an endemic, rare and enigmatic taxon.  Flora. 194 169-178
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 van Royen,  P.. (1951);  The Podostemaceae of the New World 1.  Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht. 107 1-151
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 van Steenis,  C. G. G. J.. (1972);  Podostemaceae.  Fl. Males. Ser. I,. 6 963-964
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 van Steenis,  C. G. G. J.. (1981) Rheophytes of the world. Alphen den Rijn; Sijthoff and Noordhoff
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Warming,  E.. (1881);  Familien Podostemaceae. I. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 6.  Nat. Math. Afd.. 2 1-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Willis,  J. C.. (1902 a);  A revision of the Podostemaceae of India and Ceylon.  Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya. 1 181-250
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Willis,  J. C.. (1902 b);  Studies in the morphology and ecology of the Podostemaceae of Ceylon and India.  Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya. 1 267-465
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Willis,  J. C.. (1915);  A new natural family of flowering plants - Tristichaceae.  J. Linn. Soc. Bot.. 43 49-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Wolfe,  K. H.,, Li,  W. H.,, and Sharp,  P. M.. (1987);  Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84 9054-9058
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Xiang,  Q.-Y.,, Soltis,  D. E.,, and Soltis,  P. S.. (1998);  Phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences.  Am. J. Bot.. 85 285-297
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Xiang,  Q.-Y.,, Soltis,  D. E.,, Soltis,  P. S.,, Manchester,  S. R.,, and Crawford,  D. J.. (2000);  Timing the eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction: molecular clock corroborates paleontological estimates.  Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.. 15 462-472
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Zurawski,  G., and Clegg,  M. T.. (1987);  Evolution of higher-plant chloroplast DNA-encoded genes: implications for structure-function and phylogenetic studies.  Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.. 38 391-418
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

Y. Kita

Department of Biological Sciences
Graduate School of Science
University of Tokyo

7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo, 113-0033
Japan

Email: yoko.kita@nifty.ne.jp

Section Editor: M. Hasebe