RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-104586
Verätzungen und Verbrennungen des Auges
Chemical and Thermal Eye BurnsPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht 04. Dezember 2015
akzeptiert 23. Februar 2016
Publikationsdatum:
25. Juli 2016 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Mit dieser Übersicht soll ein Handlungsschema für die Therapie der Augenverätzung und -verbrennung in der Frühphase vorgelegt werden.
Methode: Die Erkenntnisse beruhen auf den langjährigen Erfahrungen an den Universitätsaugenkliniken in Aachen und Halle/Saale sowie der Augenklinik der Kliniken der Stadt Köln und den experimentellen Arbeiten am An-Institut der RWTH Aachen und sind mit der internationalen Literatur abgeglichen.
Ergebnisse: Ausgehend von der Einschätzung des gegenwärtigen Gefährdungspotenzials durch Augenverätzungen und -verbrennungen werden Empfehlungen zur Akutbehandlung sowie der schweregradbezogenen Therapie in der Frühphase gegeben und durch die Darstellung pathophysiologischer Abläufe begründet. Für definierte kritische Situationen werden spezielle Maßnahmen benannt sowie auf weiterführende Therapiekonzepte in der Spätphase verwiesen.
Schlussfolgerung: Nach neueren Erkenntnissen hat in der Akutbehandlung der Augenverätzung oder -verbrennung die Anwendung einer optimalen Augenspüllösung eine überragende Bedeutung. Einen bleibenden zentralen Stellenwert in den geschilderten konservativen Therapieoptionen hat die antientzündliche Therapie. Für schwere und schwerste Augenverätzungen und -verbrennungen ergänzen bewährte und weiterentwickelte operative Maßnahmen die Therapie. Sie dienen gleichsam der Entzündungshemmung und dem Gewebeschutz.
Abstract
Background: This review gives a therapeutic approach for the early treatment of chemical and thermal burns of the ocular surface (CTOS).
Method: Based on a review of international literature, the experiences of University Hospital Aachen and Halle/Saale, Eye Clinic Cologne as well as experimental data of the research institute (An-Institut) at RWTH Aachen University are considered and discussed.
Results: As the risk depends on the stage of CTOS, recommendations are given for acute treatment for different stages. Pathophysiological considerations will be discussed. Special treatment options for exceptional situations and for late phase CTOS are demonstrated.
Conclusion: According to the latest data, the most important clinical recommendation for the acute phase of CTOS is the application of a suitable rinsing solution. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory treatment is of central importance. For the therapy of severe CTOS, approved and advanced surgical methods need to be applied. In this way, anti-inflammatory and tissue-protecting mechanisms are activated simultaneously.
-
Literatur
- 1 Cordes AK, Frentz M, Schrage NF. Augenirritationen und Augenverätzungen. Experimentelle und klinische Übersicht. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108: 910-915
- 2 Schrage NF, Struck HG, Gerard M. Empfehlungen zur Akutbehandlung von Verätzungen und Verbrennungen der Augen und Lider. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108: 916-920
- 3 Struck HG, Schrage NF. Verätzungen und Verbrennungen des Auges. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108: 921-928
- 4 Kuckelkorn R, Makropoulos W, Kottek A et al. Chemische Verätzungen der Augen: Ursachen, Behandlung und Prävention. Arbeitsmed Sozialmed Präventivmed 1995; 30: 22-33
- 5 Kuckelkorn R, Luft I, Kottek AA et al. Verätzungen und Verbrennungen im Einzugsbereich der RWTH Aachen – Analyse der Unfälle über 1 Jahr mit Hilfe einer neuen automatischen Befunddokumentation. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1993; 203: 34-42
- 6 Rihawi S, Frentz M, Reim M et al. Rinsing with isotonic saline solution for eye burns should be avoided. Burns 2008; 34: 1027-1032
- 7 Spector J, Fernandez WG. Chemical, thermal, and biological ocular exposures. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008; 26: 125-136
- 8 Xie Y, Tan Y, Tang S. Epidemiology of 377 patients with chemical burns in Guangdong province. Burns 2004; 30: 569-572
- 9 Schrage N. Augenverätzungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2015; 232: 895-914
- 10 Kuckelkorn R, Schrage N, Redbrake C. Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen bei Verätzungen und Verbrennungen der Augen. Dtsch Ärztebl 2000; 97: B90-B95
- 11 Struck HG, Franke C, Tost M et al. Tierexperimentelle und klinische Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Antiphlogistika bei Verätzungen des Auges. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1988; 193: 401-406
- 12 Ban Y, Cooper LJ, Fullwood NJ et al. Comparison of ultrastructure, tight junction-related protein expression and barrier function of human corneal epithelial cells cultivated on amniotic membrane with and without airlifting. Exp Eye Res 2003; 76: 735-743
- 13 Feng Y, Feng Y, Zhu X et al. Alkali burn causes aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH 3A1) decrease in mouse cornea. Mol Vis 2004; 10: 845-850
- 14 Friedenwald J, Hughes W, Hermann H. Acid-base tolerance of the cornea. Arch Ophthalmol 1944; 31: 279-283
- 15 Graupner O, Hausmann H. Die Änderung des pH-Wertes in der Vorderkammer des Kaninchenauges nach Verätzung mit kleinsten Mengen laborüblicher Konzentrationen von Säure und Lauge. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1970; 180: 60
- 16 Huang Y, Meek KM, Ho MW et al. Analysis of birefringence during wound healing and remodeling following alkali burns in rabbit cornea. Exp Eye Res 2001; 73: 521-532
- 17 Rihawi S, Frentz M, Reim M et al. Ist Wasser die beste Ersatzspüllösung bei Augenverätzung?. Z prakt Augenheilkd 2005; 26: 440-444
- 18 Rihawi S, Frentz M, Schrage N. Emergency treatment of eye burns: which rinsing solution should we choose?. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244: 845-854
- 19 Sosne G, Szliter EA, Barrett R et al. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74: 293-299
- 20 Zhang Z, Ma J, Gao G et al. Plasminogen kringle 5 inhibits alkali-burn-induced corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 4062-4071
- 21 Zhou N, Ma P, Li DQ et al. Azithromycin suppresses proinflammatory mediators stimulated by a TLR2 Ligand Zymosan in human corneal epithelial cells. ARVO 2009; E-Abstract 5545/A516.
- 22 Struck HG. Therapie von Verätzungen und Verbrennungen der Augen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2008; 225: R183-R198
- 23 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. MAK-und BAT-Werte-Liste 2008. Mitteilung 44. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA; 2008: 1-66 148
- 24 Voegli S, Baenninger PB. Severe chemical burn to the eye after pepper spray attack. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2014; 231: 327-328
- 25 Lenkiewicz E, Ferencowa A, Szewczykowa E. Subconjunctival autohaemotherapy of ocular burns in our cases. Klin Oczna 1992; 94: 113-114
- 26 Ram J, Sukhija J, Behera D et al. Ocular and systemic morbidity profile in mass formic acid injuries. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2010; 41: 123-127
- 27 White CE, Park MS, Renz EM et al. Burn center treatment of patients with severe anhydrous ammonia injury: case reports and literature review. J Burn Care Res 2007; 28: 922-928
- 28 Cabalag MS, Wasiak J, Syed Q et al. Early and late complications of ocular burn injuries. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015; 68: 356-361
- 29 Renard G. Physiopathology of eye burns. J Fr Ophtalmol 2004; 27: 1164-1169
- 30 Rochels R. The Role of Lipid Mediators in Corneal Inflammations. European Society of Ophthalmology (Congress book): Metabolic eye diseases. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino; 1985: 379-380
- 31 Struck HG, Giessler S. Treatment of ocular Inflammation by Inhibition of Leucotriene Activity. In: Diestelhorst M, ed. Prostaglandins in Ophthalmology. Heidelberg: Kaden; 1998: 69-75
- 32 Green K, Paterson CA, Siddiqui A. Ocular blood flow after experimental alkali burns and prostaglandin administration. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 569-571
- 33 Cejkova J. Histochemical study of leukocyte elastase activity in alkali-burned rabbit cornea. Ophthalmic Res 1997; 29: 154-160
- 34 Pfister RR, Sommers CI. L-Arginine-Threonine-Arginine (RTR) tetramer peptide inhibits ulceration in the alkali-injured rabbit cornea. Cornea 2006; 25: 1187-1192
- 35 Ueno E, Mlyons BL, Burzenski LM. Accelerated wound healing of alkali-burned corneas in MRL is associated with a reduced inflammatory signature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 4097-4106
- 36 He J, Bazan NG, Bazan HEP. Alkali-induced corneal stromal melting prevention by a novel platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 70-78
- 37 Hosseini H, Nejabat M, Mehryar M et al. Bevacizumab inhibits corneal neovascularization in an alkali burn induced model of corneal angiogenesis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2007; 35: 745-748
- 38 Mochimaru H, Usui T, Yaguchi T et al. Suppression of alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization by dendritic cell vaccination targeting VEGF receptor 2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 2172-2177
- 39 Pattamatta U, Willcox M, Stapleton F et al. Bovine lactoferrin stimulates human corneal epithelial alkali wound healing in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 1636-1643
- 40 Saika S, Yamanaka O, Okada Y et al. Effect of overexpression of PPARgamma on the healing process of corneal alkali burn in mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293: 75-86
- 41 Struck HG, Geiser H, Taube C et al. Zur antiphlogistischen Wirksamkeit des Ginkgolids BN 52 021 bei der Verätzung des Kaninchenauges. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1991; 199: 278-282
- 42 Struck HG, Geiser H, Block HU et al. Leukotriene antagonist S872419 A for early-phase treatment of chemical burn in the rabbit eye. Eur J Ophthalmol 1991; 1: 137-141
- 43 Struck HG, Gießler S, Gießler C et al. Influence of nonsteroidal Drugs on ocular Inflammation induced by chemical Burn of the Rabbit Eye. In: Demouchamps JP, Verougstraete C, Caspers-Velu L, Tassignon MJ, eds. Recent Advances in Uveitis. Amsterdam/New York: Kugler Publications; 1993: 581-584
- 44 Struck HG, Giessler S, Giessler C. Zum Einfluß nichtsteroidaler Antiphlogistika auf die Entzündungsreaktion. Ophthalmologe 1995; 92: 849-853
- 45 Yoeruek E, Ziemssen F, Henke-Fahle S et al. Safety, penetration and efficacy of topically applied bevacizumab: evaluation of eyedrops in corneal neovascularization after chemical burn. Acta Ophthalmol 2008; 86: 322-328
- 46 Ke Y, Wu Y, Cui X et al. Polysaccharide hydrogel combined with mesenchymal stem cells promotes the healing of corneal alkali burn in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0119725
- 47 Poon MW, Yan L, Jiang D et al. Inhibition of RAP1 enhances corneal recovery following alkali injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 711-721
- 48 Sari ES, Yazici A, Aksit H et al. Inhibitory effect of sub-conjunctival tocilizumab on alkali burn induced corneal neovascularization in rats. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40: 48-55
- 49 Espandar L, Caldwell D, Watson R et al. Application of adipose-derived stem cells on scleral contact lens carrier in an animal model of severe acute alkaline burn. Eye Contact Lens 2014; 40: 243-247
- 50 Shen M, Yuan F, Jin J et al. The effect of TC14012 on alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization in mice. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 52: 17-24
- 51 Javorkova E, Trosan P, Zajicova A et al. Modulation of the early inflammatory microenvironment in the alkali-burned eye by systemically administered interferon-y-treated mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23: 2490-2500
- 52 Lee HS, Lee JH, Kim CE. Anti-neovascular effect of chondrocyte-derived extracellular matrix on corneal alkaline burns in rabbits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252: 951-961
- 53 Cade F, Paschalis EI, Regatieri CV et al. Alkali burn to the eye: Protection using TNF-α inhibition. Cornea 2014; 33: 382-389
- 54 Uchiyama M, Shimizu A, Masuda V et al. An ophthalmic solution of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist prevents corneal inflammation in a rat alkali burn model. Mol Vis 2013; 19: 2135-2154
- 55 Lima TB, Ribeiro AP, Conceição LF et al. Ketorolac eye drops reduce inflammation and delay re-epithelization in response to corneal alkali burn in rabbits, without affecting iNOS or MMP-9. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2015; 78: 67-72
- 56 Kuckelkorn R, Kottek A, Reim M. Intraokulare Komplikationen nach schweren Verätzungen – Häufigkeit und chirurgische Behandlung. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1994; 205: 86-92
- 57 Reim M. Zur Pathophysiologie und Therapie von Verätzungen. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1987; 84: 65-69
- 58 Reim M. Ein neues Behandlungskonzept für schwere Verätzungen und Verbrennungen der Augen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1990; 196: 1-5
- 59 Thiel R. Behandlung von Verätzungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1965; 146: 581-587
- 60 Roper-Hall MJ. Thermal and chemical burns. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1965; 85: 631-653
- 61 Dua HS, King AJ, Joseph A. A new classification of ocular surface burns. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85: 1379-1383
- 62 Joseph A, Dua HS, King AJ. Failure of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of acute ocular burns. Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85: 1065-1069
- 63 Lubeck D, Greene J. Corneal injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1988; 6: 73-94
- 64 Hojer J, Personne M, Hulten P et al. Topical treatments for hydrofluoric acid burns: a blind controlled experimental study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 861-866
- 65 Spöler F, Frentz M, Först M et al. Analysis of hydrofluoric acid penetration and decontamination of the eye by means of time-resolved optical coherence tomography. Burns 2008; 34: 549-555
- 66 Universitätsmedizin Mainz. Giftinformationszentrum der Länder Rheinland-Pfalz und Hessen. Im Internet: http://www.giftinfo.uni-mainz.de Stand: 29.05.2007
- 67 Makarovsky I, Markel G, Dushnitsky T et al. Hydrogen fluoride – the protoplasmic poison. Isr Med Assoc J 2008; 10: 381-385
- 68 Palao R, Monge I, Ruiz M et al. Chemical burns: pathophysiology and treatment. Burns 2010; 36: 295-304
- 69 Laursen JV, Hjortdal J. Evidence for emergency treatment of chemical eye burns. Ugeskr Laeger 2014; 176 pii: V04130213
- 70 Kasper K, Kremling C, Geerling G. Toxizität neuer Benetzungs- und Konservierungsmittel in vitro. Ophthalmologe 2008; 6: 557-562
- 71 Bernauer W, Thiel MA, Kurrer M et al. Corneal calcification following intensified treatment with sodium hyaluronate artificial tears. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 285-288
- 72 Bernauer W, Thiel MA, Rentsch KM. Phosphate in ophthalmologischen Präparaten. Ophthalmologe 2006; 103: 416-417
- 73 Reim M, Kuckelkorn R. Verätzungen und Verbrennungen der Augen. Akt Augenheilkd 1995; 20: 76-89
- 74 Schrage NF, Schlossmacher B, Aschenberner W et al. Phosphate buffer in alkali eye burns as an inducer of experimental corneal calcification. Burns 2001; 27: 459-464
- 75 Schrage NF, Kompa S, Ballmann B et al. Relationship of eye burns with calcification of the cornea?. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243: 780-784
- 76 Davis AR, Ali QH, Aclimandos WA, Hunter PA. Topical steroid use in the treatment of ocular alkali burns. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81: 732-734
- 77 Lass JH, Mack RJ, Imperia PS et al. An in vitro analysis of aminoglycoside corneal epithelial toxicity. Curr Eye Res 1989; 8: 299-304
- 78 Seitz B, Hayashi S, Wee WR et al. In vitro effects of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones on keratocytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 656-665
- 79 Lin CP, Boehnke M. Effect of fortified antibiotic solutions on corneal epithelial wound healing. Cornea 2000; 19: 204-206
- 80 Maskati QB, Maskati BT. Management of chemical injuries of the eye. Indian J Ophthalmol 1987; 35: 396-400
- 81 Pfister RR, Paterson CA. Ascorbic acid in the treatment of alkali burns of the eye. Ophthalmology 1980; 87: 1050-1057
- 82 Risa O, Saether O, Midelfart A et al. Analysis of immediate changes of water-soluble metabolites in alkali-burned rabbit cornea, a aqueous humor and lens by high-resolution 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002; 240: 49-55
- 83 Böhmer JA, Sellhaus B, Schrage NF. Effects of ascorbic acid on retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2001; 23: 206-214
- 84 Heckelen A, Hermel M, Kondring B et al. Ascorbic acid reversibly inhibits proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2004; 82: 564-568
- 85 Hermel M, Heckelen A, Kirchhof B et al. Inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid on human retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation compared to cytostatic drugs-influence of histamine. Inflamm Res 2001; 50 (Suppl. 02) S93-S95
- 86 Rieck PW, Pleyer U. Wundheilung der Hornhaut. Ophthalmologe 2003; 100: 749-770
- 87 Cai J, Dou G, Zheng L et al. Pharmacokinetics of topically applied recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor-2 in alkali-burned and intact rabbit eye. Exp Eye Res 2015; 136: 93-99
- 88 Paterson CA, Pfister RR. Ocular hypertensive response to alkali burns in the monkey. Exp Eye Res 1973; 17: 449-453
- 89 Bacskulin J, Bacskulin E. Further experiences with subconjunctival autohemotherapy in fresh and old corrosions. Am J Ophthalmol 1965; 59: 674-680
- 90 Herminghaus P, Geerling G, Hartwig D et al. Epitheliotrophe Kapazität von Serum- und Plasmaaugentropfen. Ophthalmologe 2004; 101: 998-1005
- 91 Seitz B, Grüterich M, Cursiefen C et al. Konservative und chirurgische Therapie der neurotrophen Keratopathie. Ophthalmologe 2005; 102: 15-26
- 92 Tost M, Seewald E. Beitrag zur konservativen Therapie von Augenverätzungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1961; 139: 377-385
- 93 Watson SL, Geerling G, Dart JK. Clinical study of therapeutic ocular surface medium for persistent epithelial defect. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 51: 82-87
- 94 Celebi AR, Ulusoy C, Mirza GE. The efficacy of autologous serum eye drops for severe dry eye syndrome: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252: 619-626
- 95 Semeraro F, Forbice E, Braga O. Evaluation of the efficacy of 50 % autologous serum eye drops in different ocular surface pathologies. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 826970
- 96 Dietrich T, Weisbach V, Seitz B et al. Herstellung von Eigenserumaugentropfen zur ambulanten Therapie. Ophthalmologe 2008; 11: 1036-1042
- 97 Geerling G. Eigenserum zur Therapie. Concept Ophthalmologie 2007; 04: 18-20
- 98 Geerling G, Grus F, Seitz B et al. Arzneimittelrechtliche Erlaubnis bei der Herstellung von Serum-Augentropfen. Ophthalmologe 2008; 7: 632-638
- 99 Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft. Orthokin®, eine aus Eigenblut hergestellte Individualarznei. Arzneiverordnungen in der Praxis 2006; 33: 26
- 100 Kuckelkorn R, Wolf S, Remky A et al. Fluoreszenzangiographie des vorderen Augenabschnittes bei schwerstverätzten Augen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1996; 209: 109-113
- 101 Malhotra R, Sheikh I, Dheansa B. The management of eyelid burns. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54: 356-371
- 102 Kuckelkorn R, Redbrake C, Kottek A et al. Tenon-Plastik und Frühkeratoplastik bei schwerstverätzten Augen. Ophthalmologe 1995; 92: 439-444
- 103 Kuckelkorn R, Kottek A, Schrage N et al. Langzeitergebnisse mit Tenon-Plastik behandelter schwerstverätzter Augen. Ophthalmologe 1995; 92: 445-451
- 104 Kuckelkorn R, Redbrake C, Reim M. Tenonplasty: a new surgical approach for the treatment of severe eye burns. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28: 105-110
- 105 Kruse FE, Rohrschneider K, Völcker HE. Multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of deep corneal ulcers. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1504-1510
- 106 Kruse FE, Rohrschneider K, Völcker HE. Transplantation von Amnionmembran zur Rekonstruktion der Hornhautoberfläche. Operatives Vorgehen. Ophthalmologe 1999; 96: 673-678
- 107 Kruse FE, Meller D. Die Amnionmembrantransplantation zur Rekonstruktion der Augenoberfläche. Ophthalmologe 2001; 98: 801-810
- 108 López-García JS, Rivas L, García-Lozano I et al. Analysis of corneal surface evolution after moderate alkaline burns by using impression cytology. Cornea 2006; 25: 908-913
- 109 Miliudin ES. Evaluation of the efficiency of amnionplasty in the surgical treatment of severe ocular burn injury. Vestn Oftalmol 2007; 123: 13-17
- 110 Prabhasawat P, Tesavibul N, Prakairungthong N et al. Efficacy of amniotic membrane patching for acute chemical and thermal ocular burns. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90: 319-326
- 111 Seitz B, Sauer R, Hofmann-Rummelt C et al. Amniontransplantation. Z prakt Augenheilkd 2003; 24: 445-450
- 112 Seitz B. Amniontransplantation. Ophthalmologe 2007; 104: 1075-1079
- 113 Shimazaki J, Yang HY, Tsubota K. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in patients with chemical and thermal burns. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 2068-2076
- 114 Spoerl E, Wollensak G, Reber F et al. Cross-linking of human amniotic membrane by glutaraldehyde. Ophthalmic Res 2004; 36: 71-77
- 115 Stoiber J, Ruckhofer J, Muss W et al. Amnion-Limbus-Transplantation zur Oberflächenrekonstruktion nach schwerer Verätzung und Verbrennung. Ophthalmologe 2002; 99: 839-848
- 116 Ucakhan OO, Koklu G, Firat E. Nonpreserved human amniotic membrane transplantation in acute and chronic chemical eye injuries. Cornea 2002; 21: 169-172
- 117 Sharma N, Lathi SS, Sehra SV et al. Comparison of umbilical cord serum and amniotic membrane transplantation in acute ocular chemical burns. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99: 669-673
- 118 Kheirkhah A, Johnson DA, Paranjpe DR et al. Temporary sutureless amniotic membrane patch for acute alkaline burns. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1059-1066
- 119 Herretes S, Suwan-Apichon O, Pirouzmanesh A et al. Use of topical human amniotic fluid in the treatment of acute ocular alkali injuries in mice. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 271-278
- 120 Jiang A, Li C, Gao Y et al. In vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of amniotic extraction on neovascularization. Cornea 2006; 25: 36-40
- 121 Liang L, Li W, Ling S et al. Amniotic membrane extraction solution for ocular chemical burns. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2009; 37: 855-863
- 122 Stachon T, Bischoff M, Seitz B et al. Wachstumsfaktoren und Interleukine in Amniongewebehomogenat. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2015; 232: 858-862
- 123 Tost F, Hübner D, Clemens S. Hornhautprotektion nach Putschkowskaya. Kongressausgabe 100. Kongress der DOG 2002; 09: 10
- 124 Ma DH, Kuo MT, Tsai YJ et al. Transplantation of cultivated oral mucosal epithelial cells for severe corneal burn. Eye (Lond) 2009; 23: 1442-1450
- 125 Wenkel H, Rummelt V, Naumann GOH. Autologe Nasenschleimhauttransplantation frühzeitig nach schwersten Verätzungen. Ophthalmologe 1997; 94: 104-108
- 126 John T, Shah AA. Use of azithromycin ophthalmic solution in the treatment of chronic mixed anterior blepharitis. Ann Ophthalmol 2008; 40: 68-74
- 127 Fatima A, Iftekhar G, Sangwan VS et al. Ocular surface changes in limbal stem cell deficiency caused by chemical injury: a histologic study of excised pannus from recipients of cultured corneal epithelium. Eye (Lond) 2008; 22: 1161-1167
- 128 Fournier JH, McLachlan DL. Ocular surface reconstruction using amniotic membrane allograft for severe surface disorders in chemical burns: case report and review of the literature. Int Surg 2005; 90: 45-47
- 129 Lee SH, Tseng SC. Amniotic membrane transplantation for persistent epithelial defects with ulceration. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 123: 303-312
- 130 Rigal-Sastourne JC, Tixier JM, Renard JP et al. [Corneal burns and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and -9): the effects of human amniotic membrane transplantation]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2002; 25: 685-693
- 131 Cheng KC, Chang CH. Modified gunderson conjunctival flap combined with an oral mucosal graft to treat an intractable corneal lysis after chemical burn: a case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2006; 22: 247-251
- 132 Dua HS, Azuara-Blanco A. Autologous limbal transplantation in patients with unilateral corneal stem cell deficiency. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 273-278
- 133 Fish R, Davidson RS. Management of ocular thermal and chemical injuries, including amniotic membrane therapy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010; 21: 317-321
- 134 Gimeno FL, Lavigne V, Gatto S et al. Advances in corneal stem-cell transplantation in rabbits with severe ocular alkali burns. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 1958-1965
- 135 Gomes JA, dos Santos MS, Cunha MC et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation for partial and total limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to chemical burn. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 466-473
- 136 Ivekovic R, Tedeschi-Reiner E, Novak-Laus K et al. Limbal graft and/or amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of ocular burns. Ophthalmologica 2005; 219: 297-302
- 137 Kenyon KR, Tseng SC. Limbal autograft transplantation for ocular surface disorders. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 709-723
- 138 Kruse FE, Cursiefen C. Surgery of the cornea: corneal, limbal stem cell and amniotic membrane transplantation. Dev Ophthalmol 2008; 41: 159-170
- 139 Meller D, Pauklin M, Westchempor H et al. Autologe kultivierte Limbusstammzelltransplantation. Ophthalmologe 2010; 107: 1133-1138
- 140 Morgan S, Murray A. Limbal autotransplantation in the acute and chronic phases of severe chemical injuries. Eye (Lond) 1996; 10: 349-354
- 141 Pauklin M, Fuchsluger TA, Westekemper H et al. Midterm results of cultivated autologous and allogeneic limbal epithelial transplantation in limbal stem cell deficiency. Dev Ophthalmol 2010; 45: 57-70
- 142 Stoiber J, Muss WH, Pohla-Gubo G et al. Histopathology of human corneas after amniotic membrane and limbal stem cell transplantation for severe chemical burn. Cornea 2002; 21: 482-489
- 143 Tsai RJ, Li L, Chen J. Reconstruction of damaged corneas by transplantation of autologous limbal epithelial cells. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 86-93
- 144 Tseng SC, Prabhasawat P, Barton K et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation with or without limbal allografts for corneal surface reconstruction in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 431-441
- 145 Sati A, Basu S, Sangwan VS et al. Correlation between the histological features of corneal surface pannus following ocular surface burns and the final outcome of cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99: 477-481
- 146 Barreiro TP, Santos MS, Vieira AC et al. Comparative study of conjunctival limbal transplantation not associated with the use of amniotic membrane transplantation for treatment of total limbal deficiency secondary to chemical injury. Cornea 2014; 33: 716-720
- 147 Redbrake C, Buchal V. Keratoplastik mit Skleraring nach schwersten Verätzungen des vorderen Augenabschnittes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1996; 208: 145-151
- 148 Katircioglu YA, Budak K, Salvarli S et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation to reconstruct the conjunctival surface in case of chemical burn. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2003; 47: 519-522
- 149 Kuckelkorn R, Schrage N, Redbrake C et al. Autologous transplantation of nasal mucosa after severe chemical and thermal eye burns. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996; 74: 442-448
- 150 Tseng SC, Di Pascuale MA, Liu DT et al. Intraoperative mitomycin C and amniotic membrane transplantation for fornix reconstruction in severe cicatricial ocular surface diseases. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 896-903
- 151 Bachmann B, Cursiefen C. Komplikationen in der Spätphase nach Augenverätzung. Operative Therapiestrategien bei Folgeschäden an der Augenoberfläche. Ophthalmologe 2011; 108: 929-938
- 152 Ranjan A, Senthil S, Sangwan V. Successful acute and late management of a chemical burn with primary implantation of Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015 pii: bcr2014209247
- 153 Iovieno A, Anand S, Dart JK. Late-onset peripheral ulcerative sclerokeratitis associated with alkali chemical burn. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158: 1305-1313
- 154 Phillips DL, Hager JL, Goins KM et al. Boston Type 1 keratoprothesis for chemical and thermal injury. Cornea 2014; 33: 906-909
- 155 Kuckelkorn R, Keller GKI, Redbrake C. Glaukom nach schwersten Verätzungen und Verbrennungen. Ophthalmologe 2001; 98: 1149-1156
- 156 Makarov PV, Katayev MG, Cundorova RA et al. Rehabilitation of patients with burn injury to the eye. Vestn Oftalmol 2009; 125: 52-57
- 157 Van Loey NE, Van Son MJ. Psychopathology and psychological problems in patients with burn scars: epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4: 245-272