Download PDF
Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2018; 16(02): 078-093
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604216
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Pediatric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Applications

Mai-Lan Ho
1   Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
,
Kirk M. Welker
1   Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

01 December 2016

05 June 2017

Publication Date:
20 July 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an imaging technique based on blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging. Maps of brain activation are generated during the performance of designated tasks involving eloquent functions, such as motor, sensory, visual, auditory, and/or language. Optimal performance of fMRI in children requires consideration of multiple psychological and physiological parameters. Also, a solid technical understanding is needed for appropriate study design, implementation, processing, and interpretation. In this article, the authors review the key principles of fMRI technique, study design, data processing, and interpretation. The important clinical applications in the pediatric population will be highlighted, accompanied by example cases from their institution.

Keywords

BOLD - fMRI - functional - paradigm - pediatric - task-based
 

  • References

  • 1 ACR–ASNR–SPR practice parameter for the performance of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain. Res. 18–2012, Amended 2014 (Res. 39). Available at: https://www.acr.org/∼/media/83D4D6452E9E4FC1B451D20CFB52D77A.pdf . Accessed July 05, 2017
    PubMed
  • 2 Logothetis NK. The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357 (1424): 1003-1037
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Logothetis NK. The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. J Neurosci 2003; 23 (10) 3963-3971
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Forster BB, MacKay AL, Whittall KP. , et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging: the basics of blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) imaging. Can Assoc Radiol J 1998; 49 (05) 320-329
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 DeYoe EA, Bandettini P, Neitz J, Miller D, Winans P. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human brain. J Neurosci Methods 1994; 54 (02) 171-187
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Raschle N, Zuk J, Ortiz-Mantilla S. , et al. Pediatric neuroimaging in early childhood and infancy: challenges and practical guidelines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1252: 43-50
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Rajagopal A, Byars A, Schapiro M, Lee GR, Holland SK. Success rates for functional MR imaging in children. Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35 (12) 2319-2325
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Byars AW, Holland SK, Strawsburg RH. , et al. Practical aspects of conducting large-scale functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in children. J Child Neurol 2002; 17 (12) 885-890
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Pine DS, Guyer AE, Leibenluft E. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and pediatric anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47 (11) 1217-1221
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Shechner T, Wakschlag N, Britton JC, Jarcho J, Ernst M, Pine DS. Empirical examination of the potential adverse psychological effects associated with pediatric FMRI scanning. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013; 23 (05) 357-362
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Schlund MW, Cataldo MF, Siegle GJ. , et al. Pediatric functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging: tactics for encouraging task compliance. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7: 10
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Connors CM, Singh I. What we should really worry about in pediatric functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Am J Bioeth 2009; 9 (01) 16-18
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Hertz-Pannier L, Noulhiane M, Rodrigo S, Chiron C. Pretherapeutic functional magnetic resonance imaging in children. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2014; 24 (04) 639-653
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Yerys BE, Jankowski KF, Shook D. , et al. The fMRI success rate of children and adolescents: typical development, epilepsy, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30 (10) 3426-3435
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Freilich ER, Gaillard WD. Utility of functional MRI in pediatric neurology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010; 10 (01) 40-46
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Altman NR, Bernal B. Pediatric applications of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45 (Suppl. 03) S382-S396
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Logan WJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1999; 6 (02) 78-86
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Greene DJ, Black KJ, Schlaggar BL. Considerations for MRI study design and implementation in pediatric and clinical populations. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 18: 101-112
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Gaillard WD, Grandin CB, Xu B. Developmental aspects of pediatric fMRI: considerations for image acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Neuroimage 2001; 13 (02) 239-249
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Wilke M, Holland SK, Myseros JS, Schmithorst VJ, Ball Jr WS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in pediatrics. Neuropediatrics 2003; 34 (05) 225-233
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Jiang C, Yi L, Su S. , et al. Diurnal variations in neural activity of healthy human brain decoded with resting-state blood oxygen level dependent fMRI. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10: 634
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Gosseries O, Pistoia F, Charland-Verville V, Carolei A, Sacco S, Laureys S. The role of neuroimaging techniques in establishing diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in disorders of consciousness. Open Neuroimaging J 2016; 10: 52-68
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 DiFrancesco MW, Robertson SA, Karunanayaka P, Holland SK. BOLD fMRI in infants under sedation: Comparing the impact of pentobarbital and propofol on auditory and language activation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38 (05) 1184-1195
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Gemma M, de Vitis A, Baldoli C. , et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in children sedated with propofol or midazolam. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2009; 21 (03) 253-258
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Shinohe Y, Higuchi S, Sasaki M. , et al. Changes in brain activation induced by visual stimulus during and after propofol conscious sedation: a functional MRI study. Neuroreport 2016; 27 (17) 1256-1260
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Bernal B, Grossman S, Gonzalez R, Altman N. FMRI under sedation: what is the best choice in children?. J Clin Med Res 2012; 4 (06) 363-370
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Starbuck VN, Kay GG, Platenberg RC, Lin CS, Zielinski BA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reflects changes in brain functioning with sedation. Hum Psychopharmacol 2000; 15 (08) 613-618
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Graham AM, Pfeifer JH, Fisher PA, Lin W, Gao W, Fair DA. The potential of infant fMRI research and the study of early life stress as a promising exemplar. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 12: 12-39
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Souweidane MM, Kim KH, McDowall R. , et al. Brain mapping in sedated infants and young children with passive-functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999; 30 (02) 86-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Choudhri AF, Patel RM, Siddiqui A, Whitehead MT, Wheless JW. Cortical activation through passive-motion functional MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36 (09) 1675-1681
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Yetkin FZ, Mueller WM, Hammeke TA, Morris III GL, Haughton VM. Functional magnetic resonance imaging mapping of the sensorimotor cortex with tactile stimulation. Neurosurgery 1995; 36 (05) 921-925
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Lee MH, Miller-Thomas MM, Benzinger TL. , et al. Clinical resting-state fMRI in the preoperative setting: are we ready for prime time?. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25 (01) 11-18
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Lowe MJ, Sakaie KE, Beall EB. , et al. Modern methods for interrogating the human connectome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22 (02) 105-119
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Chang C, Cunningham JP, Glover GH. Influence of heart rate on the BOLD signal: the cardiac response function. Neuroimage 2009; 44 (03) 857-869
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Birn RM, Smith MA, Jones TB, Bandettini PA. The respiration response function: the temporal dynamics of fMRI signal fluctuations related to changes in respiration. Neuroimage 2008; 40 (02) 644-654
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Ramsey NF, Hoogduin H, Jansma JM. Functional MRI experiments: acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12 (06) 517-526
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Buchbinder BR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Handb Clin Neurol 2016; 135: 61-92
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Soares JM, Magalhães R, Moreira PS. , et al. A hitchhiker's guide to functional magnetic resonance imaging. Front Neurosci 2016; 10: 515
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Hagmann P, Jonasson L, Maeder P, Thiran JP, Wedeen VJ, Meuli R. Understanding diffusion MR imaging techniques: from scalar diffusion-weighted imaging to diffusion tensor imaging and beyond. Radiographics 2006; 26 (Suppl. 01) S205-S223
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Palacios EM, Martin AJ, Boss MA. , et al; TRACK-TBI Investigators. Toward precision and reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging: a multicenter diffusion phantom and traveling volunteer study. Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38 (03) 537-545
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Jones DK. Precision and accuracy in diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 21 (02) 87-99
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Qiu A, Mori S, Miller MI. Diffusion tensor imaging for understanding brain development in early life. Annu Rev Psychol 2015; 66: 853-876
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Moeller S, Yacoub E, Olman CA. , et al. Multiband multislice GE-EPI at 7 tesla, with 16-fold acceleration using partial parallel imaging with application to high spatial and temporal whole-brain fMRI. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63 (05) 1144-1153
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Wedeen VJ, Wang RP, Schmahmann JD. , et al. Diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) tractography of crossing fibers. Neuroimage 2008; 41 (04) 1267-1277
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Rempp KA, Brix G, Wenz F, Becker CR, Gückel F, Lorenz WJ. Quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and volume with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1994; 193 (03) 637-641
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Leu K, Boxerman JL, Ellingson BM. Effects of MRI protocol parameters, preload injection dose, fractionation strategies, and leakage correction algorithms on the fidelity of dynamic-susceptibility contrast MRI estimates of relative cerebral blood volume in gliomas. Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38 (03) 478-484
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Wolf RL, Detre JA. Clinical neuroimaging using arterial spin-labeled perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4 (03) 346-359
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Detre JA, Rao H, Wang DJ, Chen YF, Wang Z. Applications of arterial spin labeled MRI in the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 35 (05) 1026-1037
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Telischak NA, Detre JA, Zaharchuk G. Arterial spin labeling MRI: clinical applications in the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 41 (05) 1165-1180
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Armitage PA, Skipper N, Connolly DJ, Griffiths PD. A qualitative comparison of arterial spin labelling and dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI in 52 children with a range of neurological conditions. Br J Radiol 2017; 90 (1069): 20160495
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Knutsson L, van Westen D, Petersen ET. , et al. Absolute quantification of cerebral blood flow: correlation between dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI and model-free arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 28 (01) 1-7
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Khashbat Md D, Abe Md T, Ganbold Md M. , et al. Correlation of 3D arterial spin labeling and multi-parametric dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI in brain tumors. J Med Invest 2016; 63 (3-4): 175-181
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Zaharchuk G, Straka M, Marks MP, Albers GW, Moseley ME, Bammer R. Combined arterial spin label and dynamic susceptibility contrast measurement of cerebral blood flow. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63 (06) 1548-1556
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Mabray MC, Cha S. Advanced MR imaging techniques in daily practice. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2016; 26 (04) 647-666
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Abbott DF, Opdam HI, Briellmann RS, Jackson GD. Brief breath holding may confound functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2005; 24 (04) 284-290
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Kimmerly DS, Morris BL, Floras JS. Apnea-induced cortical BOLD-fMRI and peripheral sympathoneural firing response patterns of awake healthy humans. PLoS One 2013; 8 (12) e82525
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Kastrup A, Li TQ, Takahashi A, Glover GH, Moseley ME. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional cerebral blood oxygenation changes during breath holding. Stroke 1998; 29 (12) 2641-2645
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Di X, Kannurpatti SS, Rypma B, Biswal BB. Calibrating BOLD fMRI activations with neurovascular and anatomical constraints. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23 (02) 255-263
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Bright MG, Murphy K. Reliable quantification of BOLD fMRI cerebrovascular reactivity despite poor breath-hold performance. Neuroimage 2013; 83: 559-568
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Thomason ME, Burrows BE, Gabrieli JD, Glover GH. Breath holding reveals differences in fMRI BOLD signal in children and adults. Neuroimage 2005; 25 (03) 824-837
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Birn RM, Murphy K, Handwerker DA, Bandettini PA. fMRI in the presence of task-correlated breathing variations. Neuroimage 2009; 47 (03) 1092-1104
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Pillai JJ, Mikulis DJ. Cerebrovascular reactivity mapping: an evolving standard for clinical functional imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36 (01) 7-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Kumar A, Chandra PS, Sharma BS. , et al. The role of neuronavigation-guided functional MRI and diffusion tensor tractography along with cortical stimulation in patients with eloquent cortex lesions. Br J Neurosurg 2014; 28 (02) 226-233
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Hall WA, Kim P, Truwit CL. Functional magnetic resonance imaging-guided brain tumor resection. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 19 (04) 205-212
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Ottenhausen M, Krieg SM, Meyer B, Ringel F. Functional preoperative and intraoperative mapping and monitoring: increasing safety and efficacy in glioma surgery. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 38 (01) E3
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Dorfer C, Widjaja E, Ochi A, Carter Snead Iii O, Rutka JT. Epilepsy surgery: recent advances in brain mapping, neuroimaging and surgical procedures. J Neurosurg Sci 2015; 59 (02) 141-155
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Amaro Jr E, Barker GJ. Study design in fMRI: basic principles. Brain Cogn 2006; 60 (03) 220-232
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Petersen SE, Dubis JW. The mixed block/event-related design. Neuroimage 2012; 62 (02) 1177-1184
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Williams RJ, McMahon KL, Hocking J, Reutens DC. Comparison of block and event-related experimental designs in diffusion-weighted functional MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 40 (02) 367-375
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Le Bihan D, Karni A. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging to the study of human brain function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995; 5 (02) 231-237
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Yousry I, Naidich TP, Yousry TA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging: factors modulating the cortical activation pattern of the motor system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2001; 11 (02) 195-202 , viii
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Holodny AI, Shevzov-Zebrun N, Brennan N, Peck KK. Motor and sensory mapping. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2011; 22 (02) 207-218 , viii
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Engström M, Ragnehed M, Lundberg P, Söderfeldt B. Paradigm design of sensory-motor and language tests in clinical fMRI. Neurophysiol Clin 2004; 34 (06) 267-277
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Pool EM, Rehme AK, Fink GR, Eickhoff SB, Grefkes C. Handedness and effective connectivity of the motor system. Neuroimage 2014; 99: 451-460
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Chung GH, Han YM, Jeong SH, Jack Jr CR. Functional heterogeneity of the supplementary motor area. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26 (07) 1819-1823
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Cona G, Semenza C. Supplementary motor area as key structure for domain-general sequence processing: A unified account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72: 28-42
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Martin E, Joeri P, Loenneker T. , et al. Visual processing in infants and children studied using functional MRI. Pediatr Res 1999; 46 (02) 135-140
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Lemos J, Pereira D, Castelo-Branco M. Visual cortex plasticity following peripheral damage to the visual system: fMRI evidence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16 (10) 89
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Brown HD, Woodall RL, Kitching RE, Baseler HA, Morland AB. Using magnetic resonance imaging to assess visual deficits: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 36 (03) 240-265
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 DeYoe EA, Carman GJ, Bandettini P. , et al. Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93 (06) 2382-2386
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Amaro Jr E, Williams SC, Shergill SS. , et al. Acoustic noise and functional magnetic resonance imaging: current strategies and future prospects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16 (05) 497-510
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Patel AM, Cahill LD, Ret J, Schmithorst V, Choo D, Holland S. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of hearing-impaired children under sedation before cochlear implantation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133 (07) 677-683
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Bola Ł, Zimmermann M, Mostowski P. , et al. Task-specific reorganization of the auditory cortex in deaf humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114 (04) E600-E609
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK, Ret J, Duggins A, Arjmand E, Greinwald J. Cortical reorganization in children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroreport 2005; 16 (05) 463-467
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Baxendale S. The Wada test. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22 (02) 185-189
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Dym RJ, Burns J, Freeman K, Lipton ML. Is functional MR imaging assessment of hemispheric language dominance as good as the Wada test?: a meta-analysis. Radiology 2011; 261 (02) 446-455
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Abou-Khalil B. Methods for determination of language dominance: the Wada test and proposed noninvasive alternatives. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7 (06) 483-490
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Máté A, Lidzba K, Hauser TK, Staudt M, Wilke M. A “one size fits all” approach to language fMRI: increasing specificity and applicability by adding a self-paced component. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234 (03) 673-684
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Ebner K, Lidzba K, Hauser TK, Wilke M. Assessing language and visuospatial functions with one task: a “dual use” approach to performing fMRI in children. Neuroimage 2011; 58 (03) 923-929
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Wilke M, Lidzba K, Staudt M, Buchenau K, Grodd W, Krägeloh-Mann I. An fMRI task battery for assessing hemispheric language dominance in children. Neuroimage 2006; 32 (01) 400-410
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 O'Shaughnessy ES, Berl MM, Moore EN, Gaillard WD. Pediatric functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): issues and applications. J Child Neurol 2008; 23 (07) 791-801
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Gartus A, Foki T, Geissler A, Beisteiner R. Improvement of clinical language localization with an overt semantic and syntactic language functional MR imaging paradigm. Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30 (10) 1977-1985
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Wilke M, Pieper T, Lindner K, Dushe T, Holthausen H, Krägeloh-Mann I. Why one task is not enough: functional MRI for atypical language organization in two children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14 (06) 474-478
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Knecht S, Dräger B, Deppe M. , et al. Handedness and hemispheric language dominance in healthy humans. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 12): 2512-2518
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Mazoyer B, Zago L, Jobard G. , et al. Gaussian mixture modeling of hemispheric lateralization for language in a large sample of healthy individuals balanced for handedness. PLoS One 2014; 9 (06) e101165
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Friederici AD, Brauer J, Lohmann G. Maturation of the language network: from inter- to intrahemispheric connectivities. PLoS One 2011; 6 (06) e20726
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Edlin JM, Leppanen ML, Fain RJ, Hackländer RP, Hanaver-Torrez SD, Lyle KB. On the use (and misuse?) of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Brain Cogn 2015; 94: 44-51
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Vingerhoets G, Van Borsel J, Tesink C. , et al. Multilingualism: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003; 20 (04) 2181-2196
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Kovelman I, Baker SA, Petitto LA. Bilingual and monolingual brains compared: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of syntactic processing and a possible “neural signature” of bilingualism. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 20 (01) 153-169
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Andrews E, Frigau L, Voyvodic-Casabo C, Voyvodic J, Wright J. Multilingualism and fMRI: longitudinal study of second language acquisition. Brain Sci 2013; 3 (02) 849-876
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Pillai JJ, Allison JD, Sethuraman S. , et al. Functional MR imaging study of language-related differences in bilingual cerebellar activation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25 (04) 523-532
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Pillai JJ, Araque JM, Allison JD. , et al. Functional MRI study of semantic and phonological language processing in bilingual subjects: preliminary findings. Neuroimage 2003; 19 (03) 565-576
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Brauer J, Anwander A, Perani D, Friederici AD. Dorsal and ventral pathways in language development. Brain Lang 2013; 127 (02) 289-295
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Gaillard WD, Hertz-Pannier L, Mott SH, Barnett AS, LeBihan D, Theodore WH. Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Neurology 2000; 54 (01) 180-185
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Holland SK, Vannest J, Mecoli M. , et al. Functional MRI of language lateralization during development in children. Int J Audiol 2007; 46 (09) 533-551
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Vannest J, Karunanayaka PR, Schmithorst VJ, Szaflarski JP, Holland SK. Language networks in children: evidence from functional MRI studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192 (05) 1190-1196
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Sachs BC, Gaillard WD. Organization of language networks in children: functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2003; 3 (02) 157-162
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Everts R, Lidzba K, Wilke M. , et al. Strengthening of laterality of verbal and visuospatial functions during childhood and adolescence. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30 (02) 473-483
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Lidzba K, Schwilling E, Grodd W, Krägeloh-Mann I, Wilke M. Language comprehension vs. language production: age effects on fMRI activation. Brain Lang 2011; 119 (01) 6-15
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Wise RJ. Language systems in normal and aphasic human subjects: functional imaging studies and inferences from animal studies. Br Med Bull 2003; 65: 95-119
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Chang EF, Raygor KP, Berger MS. Contemporary model of language organization: an overview for neurosurgeons. J Neurosurg 2015; 122 (02) 250-261
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Ardila A, Bernal B, Rosselli M. How localized are language brain areas? A review of Brodmann areas involvement in oral language. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31 (01) 112-122
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Middlebrooks EH, Yagmurlu K, Szaflarski JP, Rahman M, Bozkurt B. A contemporary framework of language processing in the human brain in the context of preoperative and intraoperative language mapping. Neuroradiology 2017; 59 (01) 69-87
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Zhou W, Wang X, Xia Z, Bi Y, Li P, Shu H. Neural mechanisms of dorsal and ventral visual regions during text reading. Front Psychol 2016; 7: 1399
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Fiez JA, Petersen SE. Neuroimaging studies of word reading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95 (03) 914-921
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Tremblay P, Dick AS. Broca and Wernicke are dead, or moving past the classic model of language neurobiology. Brain Lang 2016; 162: 60-71
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Hagoort P. Nodes and networks in the neural architecture for language: Broca's region and beyond. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 28: 136-141
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Dick AS, Bernal B, Tremblay P. The language connectome: new pathways, new concepts. Neuroscientist 2014; 20 (05) 453-467
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Barbey AK, Koenigs M, Grafman J. Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory. Cortex 2013; 49 (05) 1195-1205
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human intelligence. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51 (07) 1361-1369
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Pochon JB, Levy R, Poline JB. , et al. The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the preparation of forthcoming actions: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11 (03) 260-266
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Maillet D, Rajah MN. Age-related differences in brain activity in the subsequent memory paradigm: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45: 246-257
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Dickerson BC. Functional MRI in the early detection of dementias. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2006; 162 (10) 941-944
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 O'Donnell LJ, Westin CF. An introduction to diffusion tensor image analysis. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2011; 22 (02) 185-196 , viii
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Chung HW, Chou MC, Chen CY. Principles and limitations of computational algorithms in clinical diffusion tensor MR tractography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32 (01) 3-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Cabeen RP, Bastin ME, Laidlaw DH. A Comparative evaluation of voxel-based spatial mapping in diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 2017; 146: 100-112
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Abhinav K, Yeh FC, Pathak S. , et al. Advanced diffusion MRI fiber tracking in neurosurgical and neurodegenerative disorders and neuroanatomical studies: A review. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1842 (11) 2286-2297
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Jbabdi S, Sotiropoulos SN, Savio AM, Graña M, Behrens TE. Model-based analysis of multishell diffusion MR data for tractography: how to get over fitting problems. Magn Reson Med 2012; 68 (06) 1846-1855
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 129 Plaza MJ, Borja MJ, Altman N, Saigal G. Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: posterior fossa and suprasellar tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200 (05) 1115-1124
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 130 Borja MJ, Plaza MJ, Altman N, Saigal G. Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: supratentorial tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200 (05) W483-503
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Karimi S, Petrovich N, Peck KK, Hou B, Holodny A. Advanced MR: techniques in brain tumor imaging. Appl Radiol 2006; 35: 9
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 Poussaint TY, Rodriguez D. Advanced neuroimaging of pediatric brain tumors: MR diffusion, MR perfusion, and MR spectroscopy. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2006; 16 (01) 169-192 , ix
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 Lequin M, Hendrikse J. Advanced MR imaging in pediatric brain tumors, clinical applications. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2017; 27 (01) 167-190
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 134 Garel C, Chantrel E, Brisse H. , et al. Fetal cerebral cortex: normal gestational landmarks identified using prenatal MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22 (01) 184-189
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 van der Knaap MS, van Wezel-Meijler G, Barth PG, Barkhof F, Adèr HJ, Valk J. Normal gyration and sulcation in preterm and term neonates: appearance on MR images. Radiology 1996; 200 (02) 389-396
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 136 Martin E, Kikinis R, Zuerrer M. , et al. Developmental stages of human brain: an MR study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12 (06) 917-922
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 137 Counsell SJ, Maalouf EF, Fletcher AM. , et al. MR imaging assessment of myelination in the very preterm brain. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23 (05) 872-881
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 138 Welker KM, Patton A. Assessment of normal myelination with magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Neurol 2012; 32 (01) 15-28
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 139 Parazzini C, Baldoli C, Scotti G, Triulzi F. Terminal zones of myelination: MR evaluation of children aged 20-40 months. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23 (10) 1669-1673
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 140 Arshad M, Stanley JA, Raz N. Adult age differences in subcortical myelin content are consistent with protracted myelination and unrelated to diffusion tensor imaging indices. Neuroimage 2016; 143: 26-39
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 141 Thomason ME, Scheinost D, Manning JH. , et al. Weak functional connectivity in the human fetal brain prior to preterm birth. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 39286
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 142 Fransson P, Aden U, Blennow M, Lagercrantz H. The functional architecture of the infant brain as revealed by resting-state fMRI. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21 (01) 145-154
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 143 Lee W, Morgan BR, Shroff MM, Sled JG, Taylor MJ. The development of regional functional connectivity in preterm infants into early childhood. Neuroradiology 2013; 55 (Suppl. 02) 105-111
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 144 Cao M, Wang JH, Dai ZJ. , et al. Topological organization of the human brain functional connectome across the lifespan. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 7: 76-93
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 145 Stevens MC. The contributions of resting state and task-based functional connectivity studies to our understanding of adolescent brain network maturation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70: 13-32
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 146 Hertz-Pannier L. Brain plasticity during development: physiological bases and functional MRI approach [in French]. J Neuroradiol 1999; 26 (1, Suppl): S66-S74
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 147 Marcar VL. Is adaptive neuronal plasticity an epiphenomenon of the BOLD-signal?. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2009; 27 (05) 567-578
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 148 Vértes PE, Bullmore ET. Annual research review: Growth connectomics--the organization and reorganization of brain networks during normal and abnormal development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56 (03) 299-320
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 149 Staudt M, Grodd W, Gerloff C, Erb M, Stitz J, Krägeloh-Mann I. Two types of ipsilateral reorganization in congenital hemiparesis: a TMS and fMRI study. Brain 2002; 125 (Pt 10): 2222-2237
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 150 Walther M, Juenger H, Kuhnke N. , et al. Motor cortex plasticity in ischemic perinatal stroke: a transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI study. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 41 (03) 171-178
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 151 Dijkhuizen RM, Zaharchuk G, Otte WM. Assessment and modulation of resting-state neural networks after stroke. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27 (06) 637-643
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 152 Briellmann RS, Abbott DF, Caflisch U, Archer JS, Jackson GD. Brain reorganisation in cerebral palsy: a high-field functional MRI study. Neuropediatrics 2002; 33 (03) 162-165
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 153 Staudt M, Ticini LF, Grodd W, Krägeloh-Mann I, Karnath HO. Functional topography of early periventricular brain lesions in relation to cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps. Brain Lang 2008; 106 (03) 177-183
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 154 Hadac J, Brozová K, Tintera J, Krsek P. Language lateralization in children with pre- and postnatal epileptogenic lesions of the left hemisphere: an fMRI study. Epileptic Disord 2007; 9 (Suppl. 01) S19-S27
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 155 Korman B, Bernal B, Duchowny M. , et al. Atypical propositional language organization in prenatal and early-acquired temporal lobe lesions. J Child Neurol 2010; 25 (08) 985-993
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 156 Hertz-Pannier L, Chiron C, Jambaqué I. , et al. Late plasticity for language in a child's non-dominant hemisphere: a pre- and post-surgery fMRI study. Brain 2002; 125 (Pt 2): 361-372
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 157 Juenger H, Linder-Lucht M, Walther M, Berweck S, Mall V, Staudt M. Cortical neuromodulation by constraint-induced movement therapy in congenital hemiparesis: an FMRI study. Neuropediatrics 2007; 38 (03) 130-136
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 158 Juenger H, Kuhnke N, Braun C. , et al. Two types of exercise-induced neuroplasticity in congenital hemiparesis: a transcranial magnetic stimulation, functional MRI, and magnetoencephalography study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55 (10) 941-951
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 159 Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Perrone-Bertolotti M, Jobard G, Mazoyer B, Baciu M. Multi-factorial modulation of hemispheric specialization and plasticity for language in healthy and pathological conditions: A review. Cortex 2017; 86: 314-339
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 160 Holloway V, Gadian DG, Vargha-Khadem F, Porter DA, Boyd SG, Connelly A. The reorganization of sensorimotor function in children after hemispherectomy. A functional MRI and somatosensory evoked potential study. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 12): 2432-2444
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 161 Levin HS. Neuroplasticity following non-penetrating traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2003; 17 (08) 665-674
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 162 Wilde EA, , Hunter, Bigler ED. Pediatric traumatic brain injury: neuroimaging and neurorehabilitation outcome. NeuroRehabilitation 2012; 31 (03) 245-260
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 163 Tomberg T, Braschinsky M, Rannikmäe K. , et al. Functional MRI of the cortical sensorimotor system in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Spinal Cord 2012; 50 (12) 885-890
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 164 Wilke M, Pieper T, Lindner K. , et al. Clinical functional MRI of the language domain in children with epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32 (11) 1882-1893
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 165 Till C, Ghassemi R, Aubert-Broche B. , et al. MRI correlates of cognitive impairment in childhood-onset multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology 2011; 25 (03) 319-332
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 166 Tuntiyatorn L, Wuttiplakorn L, Laohawiriyakamol K. Plasticity of the motor cortex in patients with brain tumors and arteriovenous malformations: a functional MR study. J Med Assoc Thai 2011; 94 (09) 1134-1140
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 167 Deng X, Zhang Y, Xu L. , et al. Comparison of language cortex reorganization patterns between cerebral arteriovenous malformations and gliomas: a functional MRI study. J Neurosurg 2015; 122 (05) 996-1003
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 168 Deng X, Xu L, Zhang Y. , et al. Difference of language cortex reorganization between cerebral arteriovenous malformations, cavernous malformations, and gliomas: a functional MRI study. Neurosurg Rev 2016; 39 (02) 241-249 , discussion 249
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 169 Lum C, McAndrews MP, Holodny AI. , et al. Investigating agenesis of the corpus callosum using functional MRI: a study examining interhemispheric coordination of motor control. J Neuroimaging 2011; 21 (01) 65-68
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 170 Iacoboni M, Ptito A, Weekes NY, Zaidel E. Parallel visuomotor processing in the split brain: cortico-subcortical interactions. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 4): 759-769
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 171 Son SM, Kwon YH, Jang SH. Motor function reorganization lateral to congenital brain lesion: a functional MRI study. NeuroRehabilitation 2010; 26 (02) 173-176
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 172 Maegaki Y, Seki A, Suzaki I. , et al. Congenital mirror movement: a study of functional MRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002; 44 (12) 838-843
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 173 Liu GT, Hunter J, Miki A, Fletcher DW, Brown L, Haselgrove JC. Functional MRI in children with congenital structural abnormalities of the occipital cortex. Neuropediatrics 2000; 31 (01) 13-15
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 174 Burneo JG, Bartha R, Gati J, Parrent A, Steven DA. 4-T fMRI of the motor and sensory cortices in patients with polymicrogyria and epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 122: 29-33
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 175 Staudt M, Pieper T, Grodd W, Winkler P, Holthausen H, Krägeloh-Mann I. Functional MRI in a 6-year-old boy with unilateral cortical malformation: concordant representation of both hands in the unaffected hemisphere. Neuropediatrics 2001; 32 (03) 159-161
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 176 Barba C, Montanaro D, Cincotta M, Giovannelli F, Guerrini R. An integrated fMRI, SEPs and MEPs approach for assessing functional organization in the malformed sensorimotor cortex. Epilepsy Res 2010; 89 (01) 66-71
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 177 Nikolova S, Bartha R, Parrent AG, Steven DA, Diosy D, Burneo JG. Functional MRI of neuronal activation in epilepsy patients with malformations of cortical development. Epilepsy Res 2015; 116: 1-7
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 178 Archer JS, Abbott DF, Masterton RA, Palmer SM, Jackson GD. Functional MRI interactions between dysplastic nodules and overlying cortex in periventricular nodular heterotopia. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 19 (04) 631-634
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 179 Villani F, Vitali P, Scaioli V. , et al. Subcortical nodular heterotopia: a functional MRI and somatosensory evoked potentials study. Neurol Sci 2004; 25 (04) 225-229
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 180 Keene DL, Olds J, Logan WJ. Functional MRI study of verbal fluency in a patient with subcortical laminar heterotopia. Can J Neurol Sci 2004; 31 (02) 261-264
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 181 Marinelli L, Bonzano L, Saitta L, Trompetto C, Abbruzzese G. Continuous involuntary hand movements and schizencephaly: epilepsia partialis continua or dystonia?. Neurol Sci 2012; 33 (02) 335-338
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 182 Parisi MA, Pinter JD, Glass IA. , et al. Cerebral and cerebellar motor activation abnormalities in a subject with Joubert syndrome: functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. J Child Neurol 2004; 19 (03) 214-218
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 183 Alkadhi H, Crelier GR, Imhof HG, Kollias SS. Somatomotor functional MRI in a large congenital arachnoid cyst. Neuroradiology 2003; 45 (03) 153-156
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 184 Mathur AM, Neil JJ, Inder TE. Understanding brain injury and neurodevelopmental disabilities in the preterm infant: the evolving role of advanced magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Perinatol 2010; 34 (01) 57-66
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 185 Smyser CD, Neil JJ. Use of resting-state functional MRI to study brain development and injury in neonates. Semin Perinatol 2015; 39 (02) 130-140
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 186 Gu S, Satterthwaite TD, Medaglia JD. , et al. Emergence of system roles in normative neurodevelopment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112 (44) 13681-13686
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 187 Seyffert M, Silva R. fMRI in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders. Curr Pediatr Rev 2005; 1: 17-24
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 188 Gothelf D, Furfaro JA, Penniman LC, Glover GH, Reiss AL. The contribution of novel brain imaging techniques to understanding the neurobiology of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2005; 11 (04) 331-339
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 189 Williams SE, Rivera S, Reiss AL. Functional MRI of working memory in paediatric head injury. Brain Inj 2005; 19 (07) 549-553
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 190 Caeyenberghs K, Verhelst H, Clemente A, Wilson PH. Mapping the functional connectome in traumatic brain injury: What can graph metrics tell us?. Neuroimage 2016;
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 191 McClure EB, Adler A, Monk CS. , et al. fMRI predictors of treatment outcome in pediatric anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 191 (01) 97-105
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 192 Forbes EE, Christopher May J, Siegle GJ. , et al. Reward-related decision-making in pediatric major depressive disorder: an fMRI study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006; 47 (10) 1031-1040
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 193 Rahko JS, Vuontela VA, Carlson S. , et al. Attention and working memory in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a functional MRI study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47 (03) 503-517
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 194 Jolles DD, Kleibeuker SW, Rombouts SA, Crone EA. Developmental differences in prefrontal activation during working memory maintenance and manipulation for different memory loads. Dev Sci 2011; 14 (04) 713-724
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 195 Coleman MR, Bekinschtein T, Monti MM, Owen AM, Pickard JD. A multimodal approach to the assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness. Prog Brain Res 2009; 177: 231-248
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 196 Hirsch J. Functional neuroimaging during altered states of consciousness: how and what do we measure?. Prog Brain Res 2005; 150: 25-43
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 197 Taylor MJ, Donner EJ, Pang EW. fMRI and MEG in the study of typical and atypical cognitive development. Neurophysiol Clin 2012; 42 (1-2): 19-25
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar