Interaktion von Ballaststoffen und Mikrobiota

Zusammenfassung

Der Darm ist mit einer komplexen mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaft (Mikrobiota) besiedelt, die große interindividuelle Unterschiede aufweist. Bei Ballaststoffen handelt es sich hauptsächlich um nicht verdauliche Polysaccharide, welche in Abhängigkeit von ihren physikochemischen Eigenschaften die Darmphysiologie entweder direkt oder über die intestinale Mikrobiota beeinflussen. Ballaststoffe sind die Hauptsubstrate für Darmbakterien. Sie werden hauptsächlich zu kurzkettigen Fettsäuren sowie Wasserstoff, Kohlendioxid und Methan abgebaut. Kurzkettige Fettsäuren liefern dem Wirt nicht nur Energie, sondern sie besitzen darüber hinaus regulatorische Funktionen. Sie beeinflussen den Lipidstoffwechsel in der Leber sowie die Ausschüttung von Hormonen, durch welche Darmpassagezeit, Insulinsensitivität und Sättigungsgefühl beeinflusst werden. Insgesamt ist die Rolle der kurzkettigen Fettsäuren bei der Entstehung von Adipositas und Diabetes jedoch bisher nur unzureichend verstanden.

Abstract

The intestinal tract is home to a complex microbial community (microbiota), which is characterized by large inter-individual differences. One of the main components of dietary fiber are indigestible polysaccharides, which in dependence of their physicochemical properties affect gut physiology either directly or by way of the intestinal microbiota. Indigestible carbohydrates are the main substrates of intestinal bacteria, which convert them mainly to short-chain fatty acids as well as hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane. Short-chain fatty acids not only provide energy to the host but also possess regulatory functions. They influence the lipid metabolism in the liver and the excretion of hormones, which affect gastrointestinal passage, insulin sensitivity and satiety. Overall the role of short-chain fatty acids in the development of obesity and diabetes is not completely understood.

Schlüsselwörter

Darm-Mikrobiom - Ballaststoffe - bakterielle Fermentation - kurzkettige Fettsäuren - Adipositas

Keywords

gut microbiome - dietary fiber - bacterial fermentation - short chain fatty acids - obesity

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