PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2010; 31(7): 468-476
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1243639
Training & Testing

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Strength Training in Endurance Runners

R. S. Taipale1 , J. Mikkola2 , A. Nummela2 , V. Vesterinen2 , B. Capostagno3 , S. Walker1 , D. Gitonga1 , W. J. Kraemer4 , K. Häkkinen1
  • 1Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
  • 2KIHU, Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
  • 3UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  • 4Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

accepted after revision November 28, 2009

Publikationsdatum:
29. April 2010 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

This study examined effects of periodized maximal versus explosive strength training and reduced strength training, combined with endurance training, on neuromuscular and endurance performance in recreational endurance runners. Subjects first completed 6 weeks of preparatory strength training. Then, groups of maximal strength (MAX, n=11), explosive strength (EXP, n=10) and circuit training (C, n=7) completed an 8-week strength training intervention, followed by 14 weeks of reduced strength training. Maximal strength (1RM) and muscle activation (EMG) of leg extensors, countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), velocity at VO2MAX (vVO2MAX) running economy (RE) and basal serum hormones were measured. 1RM and CMJ improved (p<0.05) in all groups accompanied by increased EMG in MAX and EXP (p<0.05) during strength training. Minor changes occurred in VO2MAX, but vVO2MAX improved in all groups (p<0.05) and RE in EXP (p<0.05). During reduced strength training 1RM and EMG decreased in MAX (p<0.05) while vVO2MAX in MAX and EXP (p<0.05) and RE in MAX (p<0.01) improved. Serum testosterone and cortisol remained unaltered. Maximal or explosive strength training performed concurrently with endurance training was more effective in improving strength and neuromuscular performance and in enhancing vVO2MAX and RE in recreational endurance runners than concurrent circuit and endurance training.

Key words

concurrent training - neuromuscular performance - endurance performance - running economy - strength

References

  • 1 Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alén M, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adapations and strength development during strength training in strength – trained and untrained men.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  89 555-563
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Aunola S, Rusko H. Aerobic and anaerobic thresholds determined from venous lactate or from ventilation and gas exchange in relation to muscle fiber composition.  Int J Sports Med. 1986;  19 161-166
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Bassett DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance.  Med Sci Sports Exer. 2000;  32 70-84
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Bell GJ, Syrotuik D, Martin TP, Burnham R, Quinney HA. Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;  81 418-427
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Billat LV, Koralsztein JP. Significance of the velocity at VO2max and time to exhaustion at this velocity.  Sports Med. 1996;  22 90-108
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Blazevich AJ, Gill ND, Bronks R, Newton RU. Training-specific muscle architecture adaptation after 5-wk training in athletes.  Med Sci Sports Exer. 2003;  35 2013-2022
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Bosco C, Komi PV. Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensors muscles by men and women.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1978;  10 261-265
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Daly W, Seegeres CA, Rubin DA, Dobridge JD, Hackney AC. Relationship between stress hormones and testosterone with prolonged endurance exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;  93 375-380
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Daniels JT, Yarbrough RA, Foster C. Changes in VO2 max and running performance with training.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1978;  39 249-254
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Body Size and Endurance Performance.. In: Shephard RJ, and, Åstrand P-O, (eds.) Endurance in Sport (2nd ed.). London: Blackwell Science; 2000: 37-51
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Hackney AC, Szczepanowska E, Viru AM. Basal testicular testosterone production in endurance-trained men is suppressed.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  89 198-201
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Harris DJ, Atkinson G. International Journal of Sports Medicine – Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research.  Int J Sports Med. 2009;  20 701-702
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Hawley JA. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to prolonged intense endurance training.  Clin Exp Pharmacol P. 2002;  29 218-222
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Hickson RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1980;  45 255-263
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Hoff J, Gran A, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training improves aerobic performance.  Scand J Med Sci Spor. 2002;  12 288-295
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Hunter G, Demment R, Miller D. Development of strength and maximum oxygen uptake during simultaneous training for strength and endurance.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1987;  27 269-275
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Häkkinen A, Holopainen E, Kautiainen H, Sillanpää E, Häkkinen K. Neuromuscular function and balance of prepubertal and pubertal blind and sighted boys.  Acta Paediatr. 2006;  95 1277-1283
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Häkkinen K. Neuromuscular adaptation during strength training, aging, detraining, and immobilization.  Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 1994;  6 161-198
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Häkkinen K, Komi PV. Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1983;  15 455-460
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Häkkinen K, Komi PV. The effect of explosive type strength training on electromyographic and force production characteristic of leg extensor muscles during concentric and various stretch-shortening cycle exercises.  Scand J Sports Sci. 1985;  7 65-76
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Häkkinen K, Alen M, Kallinen M, Izquierdo M, Jokelainen K, Lassila H, Mälkiä E, Kraemer W, Newton RU. Muscle CSA, force production and activation of leg extensors during isometric and dynamic actions in middle-aged and elderly men and women.  J Aging Phys Activ. 1998;  6 232-247
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Häkkinen K, Alén M, Kraemer WJ, Gorostiaga E, Izquierdo M, Rusko H, Mikkola J, Häkkinen A, Valkeinen H, Kaarakainen E, Romu S, Erola V, Ahtiainen J, Paavolainen L. Neuromuscular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training versus strength training.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  89 42-52
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alén M, Komi P. Serum hormones during prolonged training of neuromuscular performance.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1985;  53 287-293
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Kraemer WJ, Patton JF, Gordon SE, Harman EA, Deschenes MR, Reynolds K, Newton RU, Triplett NT, Dziados JE. Compatibility of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and skeletal muscle adaptations.  J Appl Physiol. 1995;  78 976-989
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Kraemer WJ, Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Nindl BC, Gothshalk, LA, Volek JS, Marx JO, Newton RU, Häkkinen K. The effect of short-term resistance training on endocrine function in men and women.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;  78 69-76
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Kraemer WJ, Koziris LP, Ratamess NA, Häkkinen K, Triplett-McBride T, Fry A, Gordon SE, Volek JS, French DN, Rubin MR, Gomez AL, Sharman MJ, Lynch JM, Izquierdo M, Newton RU, Fleck SJ. Detraining produces minimal changes in physical performance and hormonal variables in recreationally strength trained men.  J Strength Cond Res. 2002;  16 373-382
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Mikkola JS, Rusko HK, Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Häkkinen K. Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training increases activation and fast force production of leg extensor muscles in endurance athletes.  J Strength Cond Res. 2007;  21 613-620
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Mikkola J, Rusko H, Nummela A, Pollari T, Häkkinen K. Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training improves neuromuscular and anaerobic characteristics in young distance runners.  Int J Sports Med. 2007;  28 602-611
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Millet GP, Jaouen B, Borrani F, Candau R. Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and VO2 kinetics.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;  34 1351-1259
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Narici MV, Roi GS, Landoni L, Minetti AE, Cerretelli P. Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1989;  59 310-319
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Nelson AG, Arnell DA, Loy SF, Silvester LJ, Coniee RK. Consequences of combining strength and endurance training regimens.  Phys Ther. 1990;  70 287-294
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Developing explosive muscular power: Implications for a mixed methods training strategy.  Strength Cond. 1994;  20-31
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Sharwood KA, Lambert MI, Noakes TD, Rusko HK. Neuromuscular factors determining 5-km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;  7 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Paavolainen L, Häkkinen K, Hämäläinen I, Nummela A, Rusko H. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power.  J Appl Physiol. 1999;  86 1527-1533
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Paavolainen L, Nummela A, Rusko H. Neuromuscular characteristics and muscle power as determinants of 5-km running performance.  Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1999;  31 124-130
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Paavolainen L, Nummela A, Rusko H. Muscle power factors and VO2max as determinants of horizontal and uphill running performance.  Scand J Med Sci Spor. 2000;  10 286-291
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Surface ElectromyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM) . http://www.seniam.org/ Accessed on: 15.01.2008
    PubMed
  • 38 Sloniger MA, Cureton KJ, Prior BM, Evans EM. Lower extremity muscle activation during horizontal and uphill running.  J Appl Physiol. 1997;  83 2073-2079
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Seynnes OR, de Boer M, Narici MV. Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training.  J Appl Physiol. 2007;  102 368-373
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, Hirai Y, Ogita F, Miyachi M, Yamamoto K. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;  28 1327-1330
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W. Influence of exercise duration on post-exercise steroid hormone responses in trained males.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;  94 505-513
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Viru AM, Hackney AC, Välja E, Karleson K, Janson T, Viru M. Influence of prolonged continuous exercise on hormone responses to subsequent exercise in humans.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;  85 578-585
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar

Correspondence

Ritva S Taipale

University of Jyväskylä

Department of Biology of

Physical Activity

P.O. Box 35 (VIV)

40014 Jyväskylä

Finland

Telefon: +358142602089

Fax: +358142602071

eMail: ritva.taipale@jyu.fi