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Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2019; 236(08): 990-998
DOI: 10.1055/a-0608-4780
Übersicht
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Traumatisches Makulaforamen

Traumatic Macular Hole
Miltiadis Fiorentzis
1   Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale)
,
Berthold Seitz
2   Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg (Saar)
,
Arne Viestenz
1   Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale)
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

eingereicht 18 February 2018

akzeptiert 10 April 2018

Publication Date:
13 July 2018 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Das traumatische Makulaforamen (TMF) ist eine seltene Komplikation nach Kontusionsverletzung oder offenem Bulbustrauma und kann zu permanentem Visusverlust führen. Der Pathomechanismus des TMF unterscheidet sich von demjenigen des idiopathischen Makulaforamens (IMF). Eine plötzliche Kompression und Expansion des Bulbus führt zu Glaskörpertraktionen, die in einem TMF resultieren können. Der finale Visus hängt vom Schweregrad der Disruption der Photorezeptoren und der retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen ab. Das posttraumatische Vorgehen wird kontrovers diskutiert. Ein spontaner Verschluss und ein konservatives Vorgehen sind bei jungen Patienten mit kleineren Defekten und gutem Visus ohne Anhebung des posterioren Glaskörpers abzuwägen. In diesen Fällen empfiehlt sich das Abwarten über Monate. Bei fehlender Adhäsion an den Rändern des Loches und begleitenden Pathologien des Pigmentepithels ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer spontanen Heilung gering. In diesem Fall kann eine Pars-plana-Vitrektomie mit Entfernung des Glaskörpers und der epiretinalen Membranen zur Wiederherstellung der Anatomie und zu einem Visusanstieg führen. Der Erfolg einer operativen Intervention ist multifaktoriell und ist mit der Erfahrung des Operateurs sowie mit den Charakteristika des Traumas assoziiert.

Abstract

The traumatic macular hole (TMH) is a rare complication of a blunt or an open injury of the globe and can lead to permanent loss of vision. The pathomechanism of TMH differs from that of the idiopathic macular hole (IMH). A sudden compression and expansion of the globe leads to vitreous traction, which can result in a TMH. The final visual acuity depends on the severity of the disruption of the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelial cells. The posttraumatic approach is discussed controversially. A spontaneous closure and, therefore, a conservative approach should be considered in young patients with minor defects and good visual acuity without detachment of the posterior vitreous body. In these cases, it is advisable to wait for months. In the absence of adhesion at the edges of the hole and concomitant pathologies of the pigment epithelium, the spontaneous closure is improbable. In this case, a pars plana vitrectomy with removal of the vitreous and epiretinal membranes can lead to anatomical reconstruction and improvement of the visual acuity. The success of an operative intervention is complex and is associated with the experience of the surgeon as well as the characteristics of the trauma.

Schlüsselwörter

Trauma - ILM - Membrana limitans interna - Makulaforamen - Kontusion - Vitrektomie

Key words

trauma - ILM - inner limiting membrane - macular hole - contusion - vitrectomy
 

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