Reducing the donor site morbidity in radial forearm free flaps by utilizing a narrow radial forearm free flap

Background The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) has remained a leading choice of many plastic surgeons as a fasciocutaneous flap due to its versatility, pedicle length, and simple elevation technique. However, donor site morbidity has led many reconstructive surgeons to limit their use of the RFFF and to use other flaps instead. We propose that using a narrow RFFF (nRFFF) decreases the aesthetic and functional morbidity of the donor site.

Methods We report our experiences with the nRFFF from April 2012 through May 2015 at the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi. The donor defects were closed primarily. The Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale and comparison with the contralateral hand were used to assess aesthetic and functional outcomes, respectively.

Results A total of 24 patients underwent nRFFF procedures during the study period. The donor arm showed excellent motor function in 22 cases (91.7%), and very good function in the remaining two cases (8.3%). The aesthetic outcomes were excellent in four patients (16.6%), very good in eight patients (33.3%), good in 10 patients (41.6%), and fair in two patients (8.3%) who developed a hypertrophic scar. All flaps were successful and there were no cases of partial or complete loss.

Conclusions For small to medium-sized soft tissue defects, the nRFFF had acceptable outcomes due to its thinness, pliability, and major reduction in donor site aesthetic and functional morbidity.

Keywords

Free tissue flaps - Reconstructive surgery - Cicatrix, hypertrophic

INTRODUCTION

The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) was introduced by Yang et al. [1] in 1981, and it has since become one of the most commonly used free flaps in head and neck reconstructive surgery. Initially, the RFFF was used for wound coverage after the release of skin contracture in burn patients, but it is now indicated for almost all parts of the body, including head and neck, limb, and penile reconstructive surgery [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7], due to its thinness, pliability, pedicle length, and vessel size [8].

However, although this flap leads to excellent results at the site of reconstruction, it is associated with a worrisome amount of donor site morbidity, and its advantages must be balanced against potential complications at the donor site. Variable amounts of cosmetic impairment and objective evidence of restriction of movement and reduction in grip strength at the donor site have been reported [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]. Common early complications include wound breakdown and skin graft loss, leading to delayed wound healing and tendon exposure [17] [18]. Long-term complications include reduced wrist mobility, wrist or hand weakness [10] [18], sensory deficits [14] [19], persisting pain [17] [19], decreased hand dexterity [19], and cosmetic deformity [17] in objective and subjective assessments.

The most common method used to close the donor site is a split-thickness skin graft [9] [17]. Other methods described in the literature include full-thickness skin grafts from the forearm, inner arm, and abdomen, in addition to the use of tissue expanders, local flaps, or free flaps and primary closure.

The purpose of the current study was to introduce the use of a narrow RFFF (nRFFF) and to assess the aesthetic outcomes of the donor site when closed primarily. We also evaluated the motor function of the donor forearm and hand.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted of patients who presented to our hospital from April 2012 to May 2015. All patients with small to medium-size intraoral defects underwent reconstructions using this flap. The Allen test was performed prior to the operation to confirm adequate vascularity of the hand via the ulnar artery, with the non-dominant forearm selected as the donor site. If the Allen test showed inadequate perfusion of the hand by the ulnar artery alone, nRFFF was not done. The ideal site was a relatively hairless thin-skinned radial forearm. The pinch test was performed to assess the possibility of primary closure of the donor site. An nRFFF was raised and then rolled onto itself to double its width and halve its length, as shown in [Fig. 1]. The pedicle was not physically attached to the proximal half of the flap, as the radial vessels run superficially in the distal half of forearm, giving rise to multiple perforators, while in the proximal half these vessels run deeper and have very few or sometimes no perforators. Therefore, folding the flap did not impact pedicle length. The nRFFF was raised according to the classical technique, starting from the distal forearm and moving to the proximal forearm. The superficial radial nerve was sacrificed, while the superficial venous system was preserved. In most cases, the cephalic vein was traced up to the cubital fossa, preserving its connection to the deep system, so that the vein could be used for the venous anastomosis. The donor site was then closed primarily. Capillary refill was assessed at the time of wound closure, and the wound was closed primarily only if satisfactory capillary refill was demonstrated.

Fig. 1. Long and narrow radial forearm free flap (A) Free flap as dissected initially. (B) Flap rolled onto itself.

The aesthetic and functional outcomes were recorded at 6 months of follow-up. The aesthetic outcomes were assessed based on the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale ([Table 1]) [20], and the outcomes were classified into five categories, as shown in [Table 2]. Functional outcomes were assessed based on the motor grade (1–5), compared to the contralateral normal hand.

Table 1.

Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale

Scar category	No. of pointa)
a) Total score=sum of individual scores; range, 0 (worst) to 5 (best).
Width, mm
> 2	0
≤ 2	1
Height
Elevated or depressed in relation to surrounding skin	0
Flat	1
Color
Darker than surrounding skin (red, purple, brown, or black)	0
Same color or lighter than surrounding skin	1
Hatch marks or suture marks
Present	0
Absent	1
Overall appearance
Poor	0
Good	1

Table 2.

Categories of aesthetic outcomes based on the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale score

Category	Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale score
Poor	≤ 1
Fair	2
Good	3
Very good	4
Excellent	5

The study was conducted following the ethical principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients’ images presented in this manuscript were taken and submitted after the patients provided informed consent for publication of these images.

RESULTS

A total of 24 cases were performed between April 2012 and May 2015. Of the study population, 20 (83%) were males. The participants’ mean age was 49.04±10.07 years. In all cases, the flap was used to cover defects in the oral cavity. Detailed information about the sites inside the oral cavity is given in [Table 3]. The mean flap width was 2.36±0.41 cm and the mean length was 13.65±3.08 cm. Details regarding the flap size and donor defects are provided in [Table 4]. All the donor defects were closed primarily except for one patient (case no. 15 in [Table 4]) who needed a skin graft. Capillary refill after primary closure was not satisfactory in this case.

Table 3.

Sites of reconstruction

Sites	No. of cases
Intraoral cheek	15
Tongue+floor of mouth	4
Palate	1
Cheek with angle of mouth	1
Gingivobuccal sulcus	1
Retromolar fossa	1
Lower lip	1

Table 4.

Details regarding defect size, flap size, and recipient vessels

No.	Sex	Age (yr)	Site	Defect size (cm)	Flap size (cm)	Primary site closed	Recipient vessels
FA, facial artery; CFV, common facial vein; EJV, external jugular vein; STA, superior thyroid artery; IJV, internal jugular vein.
1	Male	46	Intraoral cheek	5 × 6.5	2.5 × 13	Yes	FA+CFV+EJV
2	Male	54	Intraoral cheek	6 × 6	3 × 12	Yes	STA+CFV+EJV
3	Male	50	Palate	4 × 4	2 × 8	Yes	STA+IJV
4	Male	55	Tongue	7 × 10	3.5 × 20	Yes	STA+CFV+IJV
5	Male	50	Tongue+floor of mouth	5 × 5	2.5 × 10	Yes	FA+IJV+EJV
6	Male	65	Intraoral cheek	5 × 4.5	2.5 × 9	Yes	STA+CFV
7	Male	39	Intraoral cheek	4 × 6	2 × 12	Yes	STA+CFV+EJV
8	Male	55	Intraoral cheek	5 × 5	2.5 × 10	Yes	FA+EJV+CFV
9	Female	58	Oral mucosa of the cheek and angle of mouth	5 × 6.5	2.5 × 13	Yes	FA+IVJ
10	Male	40	Intraoral cheek+floor of mouth	4 × 9	2 × 18	Yes	FA+IJV
11	Male	55	Intraoral cheek+lip	4 × 9	2 × 18	Yes	FA+IJV
12	Male	54	Intraoral cheek	4 × 6.5	2 × 13	Yes	STA+IJV+EJV
13	Male	35	Intraoral cheek	1.5 × 8	3 × 16	Yes	FA+IJV+EJV
14	Female	65	Intraoral cheek	5 × 5	2.5 × 10	Yes	FA+IJV+CFV
15	Male	52	Intraoral cheek	5 × 5	2.5 × 10	No	STA+IJV
16	Male	51	Intraoral cheek	4 × 8	2 × 16	Yes	STA+CFV+EJV
17	Female	53	Gingivobuccal sulcus	5 × 6	2.5 × 12	Yes	STA+CFV+IJV
18	Female	34	Tongue	4 × 5	2 × 10	Yes	FA+IJV
19	Male	46	Intraoral cheek	5 × 6	2.5 × 12	Yes	FA+IJV
20	Male	58	Intraoral cheek	4 × 6	2 × 12	Yes	FA+CFV+EJV
21	Male	30	Intraoral cheek	4.5 × 6.5	2 × 6 + 2.5 × 7	Yes	STA+CFV
22	Male	40	Tongue	4.5 × 7	2 × 7 + 2.5 × 7	Yes	STA+IJV
23	Male	60	Intraoral cheek	3.6 × 7	1.8 × 14	Yes	FA+IJV
24	Male	32	Intraoral cheek	5 × 7	2.5 × 14	Yes	STA+CFV+EJV

The aesthetic outcomes were excellent in four patients (16.6%), very good in eight patients (33.3%), good in 10 patients (41.6%), and fair in two patients (8.3%) who developed a hypertrophic scar. The results are shown in [Table 5]. Motor function was excellent (5/5) in the donor arm in 22 cases (91.7%) and good (4/5) in two cases (8.3%). All flaps were successful, and there were no cases of partial or complete loss. Some of the cases are shown in [Figs. 2] and [3].

Table 5.

Aesthetic outcomes of the patients according to the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale

Category	Patients
Values are presented as number (%).
Excellent	4 (16.6)
Very good	8 (33.3)
Good	10 (41.6)
Fair	2 (8.3)
Poor	-
Total	24 (100)

Fig. 2. Cheek carcinoma managed by a nRFFF (A) Squamous cell carcinoma of the left cheek. (B) Marking of the narrow radial forearm free flap (nRFFF). (C) The nRFFF at 3 months postoperatively. (D) The donor site scar at 3 months postoperatively.

Fig. 3. Tongue carcinoma managed by a nRFFF (A) Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. (B) Marking of the narrow radial forearm free flap (nRFFF). (C) The nRFFF at 2 months postoperatively. (D) The donor site scar after 2 months.

DISCUSSION

The radial forearm flap is a safe, reliable method for reconstructing most defects of the oral cavity. It is characterized by outstanding modelling ability, thinness, technically simple flap harvesting, and a long, wide-calibre vascular pedicle. This type of flap can be harvested concurrently with surgery in the oral and maxillofacial area with ease. and is the most commonly used type of free flap used in this area. A success rate over 95% is not uncommon at experienced centres, but there is still a small risk of flap compromise necessitating urgent re-exploration.

We found that by taking a narrow long flap, we were able to avoid grafting the donor site and could achieve direct closure, which avoided many complications. Richardson et al. [9], in their prospective study of 86 patients, reported that radial forearm flap donor site complications and morbidity included partial graft loss in 14 patients (16%), tendon exposure in 11 patients (13%), and delayed healing of the graft in 19 patients (22%), while 21 patients (28%) complained of poor aesthetic outcomes. Instead of raising a 4×6 cm flap, which is done traditionally and requires skin grafting, a 2×12 cm flap can be lifted and rolled back over as described. This provides the advantage of closing the donor site primarily, thereby avoiding many of the graft-related complications.

Furthermore, as the radial artery is very close to the skin in the distal forearm and has multiple cutaneous perforators in this region, as opposed to the relatively mobile proximal part where it is quite deep and has few perforators, the length of the pedicle is not usually a problem. To conclude, for small to medium-sized soft tissue defects, the nRFFF had acceptable outcomes due to its thinness, pliability, and major reduction in donor site aesthetic and functional morbidity.

Notes

Ethical approval

The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Patient consent

The patients provided written informed consent for the publication and the use of their images.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Publication History

Received: 30 January 2018

Accepted: 27 May 2018

Article published online:
03 April 2022