Comparison between Intramedullary Nailing and Percutaneous K-Wire Fixation for Fractures in the Distal Third of the Metacarpal Bone

Background To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes between intramedullary nail fixation and percutaneous K-wire fixation for fractures in the distal third portion of the metacarpal bone.

Methods A single-institutional retrospective review identified 41 consecutive cases of metacarpal fractures between September 2009 and August 2013. Each of the cases met the inclusion criteria for closed, extra-articular fractures of the distal third of the metacarpal bone. The patients were divided by the method of fixation (intramedullary nailing or K-wire). Outcomes were compared for mean and median total active motion of the digit, radiographic parameters, and period until return to work. Complications and symptoms were determined by a questionnaire.

Results During the period under review, 41 patients met the inclusion criteria, and the fractures were managed with either intramedullary nailing (n=19) or percutaneous K-wire fixation (n=22). The mean and median total active range of motion and radiographic healing showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. No union failures were observed in either group. The mean operation time was shorter by an average of 14 minutes for the percutaneous K-wire fixation group. However, the intramedullary nailing group returned to work earlier by an average of 2.3 weeks. Complications were reported only in the K-wire fixation group.

Conclusions Intramedullary nailing fixation is advisable for fractures in the distal third of the metacarpal bone. It provides early recovery of the range of motion, an earlier return to work, and lower complication rates, despite potentially requiring a wire removal procedure at the patient's request.

Keywords

Metacarpal bones - Fracture fixation - Intramedullary - Fractures, closed

INTRODUCTION

Most extra-articular fractures of the distal third metacarpal bone cause little functional impairment, and operative indications are reserved for fractures with marked shortening, complete displacement, or malrotation. Fixation techniques involve the use of K-wires, intramedullary nails, cerclage wires, plating, lag screws, tension band wires, and/or external fixators [1] [2].

While percutaneous fixation using K-wires is a popular choice due to the simplicity of the procedure, the wires can tether to the soft tissues, particularly the sagittal bands of the extensor mechanism [3]. The possibility of pin tract infection is always present, along with a limited range of motion (ROM) during the early stage of healing up to 3-4 months after fixation.

Intramedullary nailing fixation is another method of fixation for the metacarpal fractures. The intramedullary "bouquet" osteosynthesis for fractures of the metacarpal neck was first described by Foucher [4] in 1976 and has since then gained popularity in Europe. In 2006, Orbay and Touhami [5] invented an intramedullary fixation method that enhances rotational and longitudinal stability by locking the proximal end of the metacarpal. However, for intramedullary K-wires, the main complications are 1) the migration of the K-wires, 2) the distal perforation of the head of the metacarpal, and 3) the possibility of injury of the sensitive branch of the dorsal ulnar nerve.

In this study, we aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between intramedullary nail (IMN) fixation and conventional percutaneous K-wire fixation of the extra-articular distal third metacarpal fractures.

METHODS

A single institutional retrospective review was performed for consecutive cases of displaced extra-articular distal third metacarpal fractures between September 2009 and August 2013 according to the following criteria: 1) Patients of any age with closed extra-articular distal metacarpal fractures; 2) no previous fractures in the same hand; 3) rotational deformity of more than 5°; 4) lateral angulation of more than 50° for the small finger and 40° for the index, long, and ring fingers; and 5) complete displacement of the fracture with no other associated injuries.

The review identified a total of 41 cases meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 were managed with IMN fixation and 22 were managed with percutaneous K-wire fixation. Patient characteristics (age, hand dominance, and gender), patterns of fracture, and preoperative radiographic parameters were collected, as well as the total active motion (TAM) of the digit and radiographic parameters (shortening, anteroposterior angulation, and number of cortices with a bridging callus), which were considered to be outcomes. A minimum of 3 cortices of the bridging callus was considered sufficient for radiographic healing. Five surgeons performed the operations. The data were analyzed using the chi-squared test and t-test. Complications and symptoms including the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain were determined by a questionnaire.

When nailing, two 1.1-mm K-wires were used for each IMN fixation, and two K-wires of either 0.9 mm or 1.1 mm were used for percutaneous fixations.

Prior to the preparation of the IMN, a reduction of the metacarpal bone was performed by using the Jahss maneuver. Under C-arm control, an adequate length of the K-wire was measured in advance, and the distal part of the K-wire was bent by about 30° while the proximal end was bent more than 90° for locking ([Fig. 1]).

Fig. 1 K-wire preparation Dual 1.1-mm K-wires premeasured under a radiographic image intensifier were prepared for fixation. This allows the avoidance of the distal perforation of the head of the metacarpal.

In case of the fifth metacarpal bone, the soft tissue and skin were pulled tightly to the radial side and a small incision was made on the ulnar side of the fifth metacarpal bone base level in order to avoid the anatomical location of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve ([Fig. 2]) [6] [7] [8]. Under the direct visualization of the notch of the cortex, the metaphyseal cortex was perforated with an awl, and the nails were advanced using a small mallet in order to prevent the supplementary bending of the nails during insertion ([Fig. 3]). The bent distal portions of the nails were placed at an angle to each other in order to resist the torsion forces ([Fig. 4]). The proximal "J-shaped hook" portions were fitted to the cortex ([Fig. 5]) [9].

Fig. 2 Avoidance of ulnar nerve branch The soft tissue and skin were pulled tightly to the radial side and a small incision was made on the ulnar side of the fifth metacarpal bone in order to avoid the location of the dorsal sensory branch of the ulnar nerve (red arrow).

Fig. 3 K-wire advancement When advancing the inserted K-wire, we used a small mallet to prevent inadequate supplementary bending of the K-wire.

Fig. 4 Stability enhancement Each bent K-wire distal tip was inserted in the opposite direction in order to increase stability.

Fig. 5 Locking K-wires The proximal "J-shaped hook" portions were fitted to the cortex in order to prevent the further advancement of the K-wires.

The reduced metacarpal bones were protected with in a well-molded dorsal short-arm splint in the intrinsic-plus position, which maintained the wrist at an extension of approximately 30°, the metacarpophalangeal joint flexed at approximately 70°, and the interphalangeal joints fully extended [10], and which was removed 2 weeks after surgery, after which patients were allowed to perform day-to-day activities as tolerated. Early physical therapy was performed for all patients between 3 and 5 postoperative weeks. Surgical outcomes were compared between the two methods of fixation. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test and the t-test. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software (SPSS ver. 20.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Patient demographics such as age and male-to-female ratio did not significantly differ between the two groups ([Tables 1], [2]).

In line with the retrospective inclusion criteria, the mean preoperative angulation and shortening were clinically significant in both groups. Both methods were effective in correcting angulation and shortening, with the postoperative angulation of 4.2° and 5.6° and postoperative shortening of 0.9 mm and 0.5 mm in the IMN and K-wire groups. Likewise, a radiographic bone union was observed at around 5 weeks for both the groups.

TAM was significantly different between the groups at 5 weeks (225° in the IMN group and 135° in the K-wire group), but this difference was not observed at 10 weeks postoperatively. In addition, patients who underwent IMN fixation returned to work earlier (5.5 weeks in the IMN group and 7.8 weeks in the K-wire group) ([Table 3]).

Table 1.

Patient demographics and mean follow-up period

Characteristic	Intramedullary nailing (n = 19)	Percutaneous K-wire (n = 22)
Mean age (yr)	28 (15–49)	34 (19–71)
Fractured site dominant (n)	17	17
Gender (male/female)	14/5	19/3
Injury to surgery (day)	4 (1–16)	3 (1–15)
Mean follow-up (wk)	11	15

Table 2.

Fracture locations

Characteristic	Intramedullary nailing (n = 19)	Percutaneous K-wire (n = 22)
2nd metacarpal bone (n)	0	1
3rd metacarpal bone (n)	2	2
4th metacarpal bone (n)	3	2
5th metacarpal bone (n)	14	17

Table 3.

Results

Characteristic	Intramedullary nailing (n = 19)	Percutaneous K-wire (n = 22)	P-value
TAM, total active motion.
Duration of surgery (min)	48	34
Preoperative angulation (°)	48 (20–74)	41 (0–82)	Not significant
Postoperative angulation (°)	4.2 (0–6)	5.6 (0–8)	Not significant
Preoperative shortening (mm)	8.1 (0–19)	7.7 (0–17)	Not significant
Postoperative shortening (mm)	0.9 (0–4)	0.5 (0–3)	Not significant
Radiographic healing (wk)	5.4	5.2	Not significant
Loss of reduction (n)	0	0	Not significant
Early TAM of the digit (°)	225	135	< 0.001
Late TAM of the digit (°)	250	245	Not significant
Period to return to work (wk)	5.5	7.8	0.024

Percutaneous K-wire fixation was associated with three superficial wound infections (3/22), which were adequately treated with an intravenous (IV) antibiotic regimen and twice daily dressing changes. There were no such complications in the IMN group. According to the questionnaire survey conducted at 2 weeks postoperation, discomfort (n=11), pain (mean VAS Score, 21/100), and swelling of the hand dorsum (n=9) were reported by the K-wire group. Patients in the IMN group reported no discomfort or swelling and less pain (mean VAS score, 9/100) ([Table 4]).

Table 4.

Complications

Characteristic	Intramedullary nailing (n = 19)	Percutaneous K-wire (n = 22)
Pin site infection (n)	0	3
Mean visual analog scale score	9	21
Discomfort by K-wire exposure (n)	0	11
Hand dorsum swelling (n)	0	9

DISCUSSION

Among various closed metacarpal fractures, transverse and short oblique fractures of the neck are very common. Not all fractures require operative intervention, but significant bone shortening and angulation are associated with poor long-term functional outcomes. Plates and cerclage wires may more than adequately address these relatively simple fractures; however, the increase in the operative time and soft tissue dissection is difficult to justify when considering the availability of percutaneous methods using K-wires or IMN.

Previously, these two percutaneous methods were compared between a non-randomized clinical trial and a retrospective review [3] [10]. In the study by Wong et al. [3], single IMN fixation was compared to transverse K-wire fixation. The measured outcomes were radiological union and postoperative pain, movement, and grip strength, none of which were found to be significantly different between the groups. In the retrospective study by Schadel-Hopfner et al. [10], the comparison was between multiple crossed retrograde percutaneous K-wires and single anterograde IMN. Of the outcomes evaluated, the metacarpophalangeal joint ROM, pain, and Steel scores were significantly in favor of IMN.

Our own retrospective review revealed that IMN were associated with subtle improvements in the postoperative course. While preoperative angulation and shortening had improved in both groups, patients reported satisfaction regarding comfort and tenderness overwhelmingly in the favor of the intramedullary method. Additionally, patients who received IMN fixation returned to work significantly earlier by a mean difference of 16 days.

Although a significant difference in the early TAM was observed at the fifth operative week ([Table 3]), no statistically significant difference was observed according to the TAM of digits at the 10th operative week. For the percutaneous K-wire insertion group, the extension deficit disappeared completely at approximately 1 week or 2 weeks after wire removal and there were no cases of permanent extensor problems. Therefore, we concluded that the extension lag was just caused by the tethering effect of wires and extensor irritation was not serious enough to cause permanent problems.

The most significant study limitation is the retrospective nature of its design. The assumption was that patients and metacarpal fractures were relatively homogeneous irrespective of the fixation method and that the fixation type was based purely on surgeon preference. However accurate this assumption may be, the study results should be interpreted with a potential selection bias in mind. It is also possible that the lack of external hardware may have encouraged a more active participation among patients who had undergone IMN fixation.

In conclusion, our retrospective review has shown that both IMN and percutaneous K-wire fixations were able to appropriately reduce the indicated metacarpal distal third fractures. Outcomes of the 10th postoperative week were excellent for both in terms of TAM and union rates. Clinically significant differences were observed in the favor of IMN fixations, for early TAM and the time required to return to work.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

• References

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Publication History

Received: 30 April 2014

Accepted: 16 June 2014

Article published online:
05 May 2022