Download PDF
Thromb Haemost 2015; 113(04): 674-685
DOI: 10.1160/TH14-10-0821
Review Article
Schattauer GmbH

Antithrombotic treatment in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)

Vincent J. Nijenhuis
1   Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
,
Naoual Bennaghmouch
1   Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
,
Jan-Peter van Kuijk
1   Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
,
Davide Capodanno
2   Department of Cardiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
,
Jurriën M. ten Berg
1   Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 02 October 2014

Accepted after major revision: 27 May 2014

Publication Date:
24 November 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established treatment option for symptomatic patients with severe aortic valvular disease who are not suitable for conventional surgical aortic valve replacement. Despite improving experience and techniques, ischaemic and bleeding complications after TAVI remain prevalent and impair survival in this generally old and comorbid-rich population. Due to changing aetiology of complications over time, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after TAVI should be carefully balanced. Empirically, a dual antiplatelet strategy is generally used after TAVI for patients without an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC; e. g. atrial fibrillation, mechanical mitral valve prosthesis), including aspirin and a thienopyridine. For patients on OAC, a combination of OAC and aspirin or thienopyridine is generally used. This review shows that current registries are unfit to directly compare antithrombotic regimens. Small exploring studies suggest that additional clopidogrel after TAVI only affects bleeding and not ischemic complications. However, these studies are lack in quality in terms of Cochrane criteria. Currently, three randomised controlled trials are recruiting to gather more knowledge about the effects of clopidogrel after TAVI.

Keywords

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) - antithrombotic - antiplatelet - anticoagulation - bleeding - stroke - clopidogrel

 

  • References

  • 1 Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M. et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation for Aortic Stenosis in Patients Who Cannot Undergo Surgery. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1597-1607.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Kapadia SR. Five-Year Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) in “Inoperable” Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: The PARTNER Trial. In: On behalf of The PARTNER Trial Investigators. 2014. p. TCT 2014 | September 13, 2014 Washington:
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ. et al. Transcatheter vs surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2187-2198.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Adams DH, Popma JJ, Reardon MJ. et al. Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Self-Expanding Prosthesis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1790-1798.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Généreux P, Head SJ, Van Mieghem NM. et al. Clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement using valve academic research consortium definitions: a weighted meta-analysis of 3,519 patients from 16 studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 2317-2326.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO. et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. Epub ahead of print
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Holmes DR, Mack MJ, Kaul S. et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 1200-1254.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Webb J, Rodés-Cabau J, Fremes S. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28: 520-528.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F. et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Hear J 2012; 33: 2451-2496.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Lip GYH, Windecker S, Huber K. et al. Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary or valve interventions: a joint consensus document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on . Eur Heart J. 2014. Epub ahead of print
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Leon MB, Piazza N, Nikolsky E. et al. Standardized endpoint definitions for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation clinical trials: a consensus report from the Valve Academic Research Consortium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 253-269.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Généreux P. et al. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 1438-1454.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Abdel-Wahab M, Mehilli J, Frerker C. et al. Comparison of Balloon-Expandable vs Self-expandable Valves in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Am Med Assoc 2014; 311: 1503-1514.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Godino C, Maisano F, Montorfano M. et al. Outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation with both Edwards-SAPIEN and CoreValve devices in a single center: the Milan experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 03: 1110-1121.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Ussia GP, Scarabelli M, Mulè M. et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy vs aspirin alone in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108: 1772-1776.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Stabile E, Pucciarelli A, Cota L. et al. SAT-TAVI (single antiplatelet therapy for TAVI) study: a pilot randomized study comparing double to single antiplatelet therapy for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174: 624-627.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Poliacikova P, Cockburn J, de Belder A, Trivedi U, Hildick-Smith D. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic treatment after transcatheter aortic valve implantation – comparison of regimes. J Invasive Cardiol 2013; 25: 544-548.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Durand E, Blanchard D, Chassaing S. et al. Comparison of two antiplatelet therapy strategies in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: 355-360.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Grube E, Laborde JC, Zickmann B. et al. First report on a human percutaneous transluminal implantation of a self-expanding valve prothesis for interventional treatment of aortic valve stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005; 66: 465-469.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jilaihawi H, Doctor N, Chakravarty T. et al. Major thrombocytopenia after balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Prognostic implications and comparison to surgical aortic valve replacement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014. Epub ahead of print
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Mueller KAL, Werner S, Mueller II. et al. Time course of platelet aggregation and platelet activation in patients under dual antiplatelet therapy undergoing percutaneous aortic valve replacement. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 580.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Tousek P, Kocka V, Sulzenko J, Bednar F, Linkova H, Widimsky P. Pharmacodynamic effect of clopidogrel in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 386074.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Gallet R, Seemann A, Yamamoto M. et al. Effect of transcatheter (via femoral artery) aortic valve implantation on the platelet count and its consequences. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111: 1619-1624.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Rodés-Cabau J, Webb JG, Cheung A. et al. Long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights on prognostic factors and valve durability from the Canadian multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 1864-1875.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Gallego P, Roldan V, Marín F. et al. Cessation of oral anticoagulation in relation to mortality and the risk of thrombotic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 1189-1198.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Bernard a, Fauchier L, Pellegrin C. et al. Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stent implantation. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 560-568.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Hansen ML, Sørensen R, Clausen MT. et al. Risk of Bleeding With Single, Dual, or Triple Therapy With Warfarin, Aspirin, and Clopidogrel in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 1433-1441.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Dans AL, Connolly SJ, Wallentin L. et al. Concomitant Use of Antiplatelet Therapy with Dabigatran or Warfarin in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) Trial. Circulation 2013; 127: 634-640.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Karjalainen PP, Porela P, Ylitalo A. et al. Safety and efficacy of combined antiplatelet-warfarin therapy after coronary stenting. Eur Hear J 2007; 28: 726-732.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Sørensen R, Hansen ML, Abildstrom SZ. et al. Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet 2009; 374: 1967-1974.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Mérie C, Køber L, Skov Olsen P. et al. Association of Warfarin Therapy Duration After Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Replacement With Risk of Mortality, Thromboembolic Complications, and Bleeding. J Am Med Assoc 2012; 308: 2118-2125.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Noble S, Asgar A, Cartier R, Virmani R, Bonan R. Anatomo-pathological analysis after CoreValve Revalving system implantation. EuroIntervention 2009; 05: 78-85.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Trepels T, Martens S, Doss M. et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Thrombotic restenosis after minimally invasive implantation of aortic valve stent. Circulation 2009; 120: e23-e24.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Kefer J, Astarci P, Renkin J. et al. Thrombotic aortic restenosis after transapical sapien valve implantation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 03: 289-292.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Cota L, Stabile E, Agrusta M. et al. Bioprostheses “thrombosis” after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 789-791.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Latib A, Messika-Zeitoun D, Maisano F. et al. Reversible edwards sapien XT dysfunction due to prosthesis thrombosis presenting as early structural deterioration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 787-789.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Pergolini A, Pino PG, Zampi G. et al. Thrombotic aortic restenosis after transapical SAPIEN valve implantation. J Card Surg 2014; 29: 204-208.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Pache G, Blanke P, Zeh W. et al. Cusp thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement detected by computed tomography and echocardiography. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 3546.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Greason KL, Mathew V, Sarano ME. et al. Early transcatheter aortic valve thrombosis. J Card Surg 2013; 28: 264-266.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Lancellotti P, Radermecker M a, Weisz SH. et al. Subacute transcatheter CoreValve thrombotic obstruction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 06: e32-e33.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Pingpoh C, Pache G, Nawras D. et al. Valve thrombosis 7 months after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98: 1079-1081.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Al-Rashid F, Konorza TFM, Plicht B. et al. Transient increase in pressure gradients after termination of dual antiplatelet therapy in a patient after transfemoral aortic valve implantation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 05: 318-320.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Piazza N, Grube E, Gerckens U. et al. Procedural and 30-day outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the third generation (18 Fr) corevalve revalving system: results from the multicentre, expanded evaluation registry 1-year following CE mark approval. EuroIntervention 2008; 04: 242-249.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Lefèvre T, Kappetein AP, Wolner E. et al. One year follow-up of the multi-centre European PARTNER transcatheter heart valve study. Eur Hear J 2011; 32: 148-157.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Wenaweser P, Pilgrim T, Roth N. et al. Clinical outcome and predictors for adverse events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the use of different devices and access routes. Am Heart J 2011; 161: 1114-1124.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Tay ELW, Gurvitch R, Wijesinghe N. et al. A high-risk period for cerebrovascular events exists after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 04: 1290-1297.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Zahn R, Gerckens U, Grube E. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: first results from a multi-centre real-world registry. Eur Hear J 2011; 32: 198-204.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Nuis R-J, Van Mieghem NM, Schultz CJ. et al. Frequency and causes of stroke during or after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2012; 109: 1637-1643.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Abramowitz Y, Banai S, Katz G. et al. Comparison of early and late outcomes of TAVI alone compared to TAVI plus PCI in aortic stenosis patients with and without coronary artery disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 83: 649-654.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Avanzas P, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Segura J. et al. Percutaneous implantation of the CoreValve(registered trademark) self-expanding aortic valve prosthesis in patients with severe aortic stenosis: Early experience in Spain. Rev Esp Cardiol 2010; 63: 141-148.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Rodés-Cabau J, Webb JG, Cheung A. et al. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for the Treatment of Severe Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis in Patients at Very High or Prohibitive Surgical Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1080-1090.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Tchetche D, Van der Boon RMA, Dumonteil N. et al. Adverse impact of bleeding and transfusion on the outcome post-transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights from the Pooled-RotterdAm-Milano-Toulouse In Collaboration Plus (PRAGMATIC Plus) initiative. Am Heart J 2012; 164: 402-409.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Gilard M, Eltchaninoff H, Iung B. et al. Registry of transcatheter aortic-valve implantation in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1705-1715.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Ussia GP, Scarabelli M, Mulè M. et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy vs aspirin alone in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108: 1772-1776.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Kodali SK, O’Neill WW, Moses JW. et al. Early and late (one year) outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with severe aortic stenosis (from the United States REVIVAL trial). Am J Cardiol 2011; 107: 1058-1064.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Gurvitch R, Toggweiler S, Willson AB. et al. Outcomes and complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement using a balloon expandable valve according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) guidelines. EuroIntervention 2011; 07: 41-48.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Borz B, Durand E, Godin M. et al. Incidence, predictors and impact of bleeding after transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the balloon-expandable Edwards prosthesis. Heart 2013; 99: 860-865.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Orvin K, Kornowski R, Bishara J. et al. The frequency and prognostic impact of fever following transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Cardiol 2014; 127: 203-210.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Abdel-Wahab M, Zahn R, Horack M. et al. Aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: incidence and early outcome. Results from the German transcatheter aortic valve interventions registry. Heart 2011; 97: 899-906.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Abdel-Wahab M, Zahn R, Horack M. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with and without concomitant coronary artery disease: comparison of characteristics and early outcome in the German multicenter TAVI registry. Clin Res Cardiol 2012; 101: 973-981.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Figini F, Latib A, Maisano F. et al. Managing patients with an indication for anticoagulant therapy after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111: 237-242.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Hayashida K, Bouvier E, Lefevre T. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for patients with severe bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 06: 284-291.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Spargias K, Toutouzas K, Chrissoheris M. et al. The ATHENS TAVR registry of newer generation transfemoral aortic valves: 30-day outcomes. Hell J Cardiol 2013; 54: 18-24.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Magri CJ, Chieffo A, Durante A. et al. Impact of mean platelet volume on combined safety endpoint and vascular and bleeding complications following percutaneous transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Van Mieghem NM, Van Der Boon RM, Faqiri E. et al. Complete revascularization is not a prerequisite for success in current transcatheter aortic valve implantation practice. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 06: 867-875.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Mack MJ, Brennan JM, Brindis R. et al. Outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 2013; 310: 2069-2077.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Thomas M, Schymik G, Walther T. et al. Thirty-day results of the SAPIEN aortic Bioprosthesis European Outcome (SOURCE) Registry: A European registry of transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the Edwards SAPIEN valve. Circulation 2010; 122: 62-69.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Ussia GP, Barbanti M, Petronio AS. et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: 3-year outcomes of self-expanding CoreValve prosthesis. Eur Hear J 2012; 33: 969-976.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Bosmans JM, Kefer J, De Bruyne B. et al. Procedural, 30-day and one year outcome following CoreValve or Edwards transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results of the Belgian national registry. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2011; 12: 762-767.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Wenaweser P, Stortecky S, Heg D. et al. Short-term clinical outcomes among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Switzerland: the Swiss TAVI registry. EuroIntervention 2014; 1-20.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Nombela-Franco L, Webb JG, de Jaegere PP. et al. Timing, predictive factors, and prognostic value of cerebrovascular events in a large cohort of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Circulation 2012; 126: 3041-3053.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Linke A. CLaret Embolic Protection ANd TAVI – Trial (CLEAN-TAVI). p. TCT 2014. Washington.:
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Van Mieghem NM, Schipper MEI, Ladich E. et al. Histopathology of embolic debris captured during transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Circulation 2013; 127: 2194-2201.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Hynes BG, Rodes-Cabau J. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation and cerebrovascular events: The current state of the art. Ann NY Acad Sci 2012; 1254: 151-163.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Makkar RR, Fontana GP, Jilaihawi H. et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for inoperable severe aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1696-1704.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kahlert P, Knipp SC, Schlamann M. et al. Silent and apparent cerebral ischaemia after percutaneous transfemoral aortic valve implantation: a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study. Circulation 2010; 121: 870-878.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Ribeiro HB, Webb JG, Makkar RR. et al. Predictive factors, management, and clinical outcomes of coronary obstruction following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights from a large multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1552-1562.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Devereaux PJ, Mrkobrada M, Sessler DI. et al. Aspirin in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2014. 140331050018004.
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Griese DP, Reents W, Diegeler A. et al. Simple, effective and safe vascular access site closure with the double-ProGlide preclose technique in 162 patients receiving transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82: E734-E741.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Halliday BP, Dworakowski R, Brickham B. et al. Usefulness of periprocedural bleeding to predict outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am J Cardiol 2012; 109: 724-728.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Stabile E, Sorropago G, Pucciarelli A. et al. SAT-TAVI (single antiplatelet therapy for TAVI) study: A randomized study comparing double to single antiplatelet therapy for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: B218.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Van Mieghem NM, Nuis R-J, Tzikas A. et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of baseline anaemia in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. EuroIntervention 2011; 07: 184-191.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR. et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1686-1695.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Freeman J V, Zhu RP, Owens DK. et al. Original Research Cost-Effectiveness of Dabigatran Compared With Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 1-11.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Holmes Jr. DR, Mack MJ, Kaul S. et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 79: 1023-1082.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Avanzas P, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Segura J. et al. Percutaneous Implantation of the CoreValve(registered trademark) Self-Expanding Aortic Valve Prosthesis in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: Early Experience in Spain. Rev Esp Cardiol 2010; 63: 141-148.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Wenaweser P, Pilgrim T, Kadner A. et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with severe aortic stenosis at increased surgical risk according to treatment modality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 2151-2162.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Tay ELW, Gurvitch R, Wijesinghe N. et al. A high-risk period for cerebrovascular events exists after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 04: 1290-1297.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Petronio AS, De Carlo M, Bedogni F. et al. Safety and efficacy of the subclavian approach for transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the CoreValve revalving system. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 03: 359-366.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Tamburino C, Capodanno D, Ramondo A. et al. Incidence and predictors of early and late mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation in 663 patients with severe aortic stenosis. Circulation 2011; 123: 299-308.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Fusari M, Bona V, Muratori M. et al. Transcatheter vs surgical aortic valve replacement: A retrospective analysis assessing clinical effectiveness and safety. J Cardiovasc Med 2012; 13: 229-241.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar