RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1000842
Tetramethylguanidinium Azide (TMGA) - A Versatile Azidation Agent
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
21. Dezember 2007 (online)
Biographical Sketches
Introduction
Organic azides have been widely used in synthesis, especially for the construction of heterocyclic systems, and as precursors of the primary amino group. [1] One method to incorporate the azide moiety into organic compounds is to use tetramethylguanidinium azide as the azidation agent. Tetramethylguanidinium azide (TMGA, TMGN3) introduced by Papa [2] is commercially available, stable, non-toxic, and safe in use. [3] TMGA is a colorless hygroscopic solid, which is soluble in organic solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, nitromethane, DMF, acetone) and water; it is insoluble in diethyl ether and THF. The standard procedure for the preparation of TMGA involves the action of hydrazoic acid (HN3) on tetramethylguanidine in ether. [2] The use of TMGA allows the introduction of the azido group under very mild non-aqueous conditions; however, it is not recommended to use halogenated solvents because explosive azidomethane species may be formed during the reaction. [3] [4] TMGA is frequently used as a source of azide, in nucleophilic addition, substitution, azidolysis of epoxides, and heterocyclic ring formation. [5] It has been successfully used for the synthesis of alkyl, [2] alkenyl, [6] propargyl, [7] heteroaryl, [8] acyl, [9] phosphinic, [10] and sulfonyl azides [11] as well as for the preparation of tert-butyl azidoformate, [12] tetrazoles, [13] β-azido alcohols, [14] α-azido ketones [15] and α-amino acid derivatives. [16]
Abstracts
(A) The nucleophilic ring opening of in situ formed d-glucal-derived allylic epoxides with TMGA proceeds in a 1,2-regio- and anti-stereoselective way. [14b-c] The noncoordinating nature of the counterion (TMG+) makes the epoxide react with the azide (N3 -) in a noncoordinated fashion, necessarily at the C-3 oxirane carbon, affording the completely regio- and stereoselective result. [14b] |
|
(B) Propargyl azides containing 1- or 3-phenylthio functionalities were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding propargyl chlorides with TMGA. The selective oxidation of their sulfur atoms to sulfoxides and sulfones allows access to the propargyl azides bearing acceptor substituents. Sulfur-containing propargyl azides were successfully used for the synthesis of allenyl azides, 1,2,3-triazoles, bis(triazolo)pyrazine derivatives, and substituted vinyl azides. [7] Acceptor-substituted propargyl azides were also converted into open-chain 1,2-diazidoethenes by one-pot reactions with TMGA. [6b] |
|
(C) α-Bromoacyl imidazolidinones react with TMGA to give, after auxiliary cleavage, α-amino acid derivatives in excellent yields and diastereoselectivities. [16c] Similar methodologies (using oxazolidinones instead of imidazolidinones as chiral auxiliaries) were used for the asymmetric synthesis of many unusual a-amino acids. [16a-b] [d] |
|
(D) TMGA is a versatile reagent for the stereoselective azidation of glycosyl derivatives. [3] [17] Per-O-acetylated d-glycopyranoses were first converted into glycosyl iodides, followed by the reaction with TMGA to give β-d-glycosyl azides stereoselectively after deacetylation. [17a] β-Glycopyranosyl azides were next oxidized to glycopyranosyluronic acid azides. |
|
(E) Mitchinson and co-workers described the displacement of the bromine atom in the pyridazinone derivative using TMGA in DMF. The azide-substituted pyridazinone was next used for the preparation of 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazino[2,3-d]pyridazines, which are novel classes of GABAA receptor benzodiazepine binding-site ligands. [18] |
|
(F) Gin and co-workers reported an elegant [4+2] annulation of vinyl carbodiimides with N-alkyl imines that resulted in a concise synthesis of batzelladine D, a marine guanidine alkaloid. The synthesis commenced with the addition of an azide derived from TMGA to 1,4-but-2-ynoic acid benzyl ester to give the β-azido acrylate in 84% yield (E/Z = 2:1). [19] |
|
(G) Introduction of an azide group by a one-pot triflate activation of the free hydroxyl group, followed by azidation with TMGA, has been recently applied for the construction of phytosphingosine and α-galactosyl ceramide [20] as well as for the synthesis of glycaro-1,5-lactams and tetrahydrotetrazolopyridine-5-carboxylates. [21] |
|
- 1
Bräse S.Gil C.Knepper K.Zimmermann V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44: 5188 - 2
Papa AJ. J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31: 1426 -
3a
Li C.Arasappan A.Fuchs PL. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34: 3535 -
3b
Li C.Shih T.-L.Jeong JU.Arasappan A.Fuchs PL. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35: 2645 - 4
Dharanipragada R.VanHulle K.Bannister A.Bear S.Kennedy L.Hruby VJ. Tetrahedron 1992, 48: 4733 - 5
Enders D.Backes M. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic SynthesisPaquette AL. Wiley; New York: 2004. -
6a
Palacios F.Aparicio D.De los Santos JM.De Heredia IP.Rubiales G. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1995, 27: 171 -
6b
Fotsing JR.Banert K.Hagedorn M. Tetrahedron 2005, 61: 8904 -
6c
Fotsing JR.Banert K. Synthesis 2006, 261 - 7
Fotsing JR.Banert K. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 3704 -
8a
Abramovitch RA.Shinkai I.Cue BWJr.Ragan FA.Atwood JL. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1976, 13: 415 -
8b
Dirlam JP.Cue BWJr.Gombatz KJ. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43: 76 - 9
Clinch K.Marquez CJ.Parrott MJ.Ramage R. Tetrahedron 1989, 45: 239 - 10
Denmark SE.Dorow RL. Chirality 2002, 14: 241 - 11
Abramovitch AR.Azogu CI.McMaster IT.Vanderpool DP. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43: 1218 - 12
Sakai K.Anselme J.-P. J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36: 2387 -
13a
Crimmin JM.O’Hanlon PJ.Rogers NH.Walker G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1989, 2047 -
13b
Amer MIK.Booth BL. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1993, 4 -
14a
Crotti P.Di Bussolo V.Favero L.Macchia F.Pineschi M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 1675 -
14b
Di Bussolo V.Caselli M.Romano MR.Pineschi M.Crotti P. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 8702 -
14c
Di Bussolo V.Romano MR.Pineschi M.Crotti P.Favero L. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71: 1696 - 15
Pan Y.Merriman RL.Tanzer LR.Fuchs PL. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1992, 2: 967 -
16a
Evans DA.Britton TC.Ellman JA.Dorow RL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112: 4011 -
16b
Smith RJ.Bienz S. Helv. Chim. Acta 2004, 87: 1681 -
16c
Treweeke NR.Hitchcock PB.Pardoe DA.Caddick S. Chem. Commun. 2005, 1868 -
16d
Xu J.Wei L.Mathvink R.He J.Park Y.-J.He H.Leiting B.Lyons KA.Marsilio F.Patel RA.Wu JK.Thornberry NA.Weber AE. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15: 2533 -
17a
Ying L.Gervay-Hague J. Carbohydr. Res. 2003, 338: 835 -
17b
Stolz F.Reiner M.Blume A.Reutter W.Schmidt RR. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 665 - 18
Mitchinson A.Blackaby WP.Bourrain S.Carling RW.Lewis RT. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47: 2257 - 19
Arnold MA.Duron SG.Gin DY. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127: 6924 -
20a
Fan G.-T.Pan Y.-S.Lu K.-C.Cheng Y.-P.Lin W.-C.Lin S.Lin C.-H.Wong C.-H.Fang J.-M.Lin C.-C. Tetrahedron 2005, 61: 1855 -
20b
Chang C.-W.Chen Y.-N.Adak AK.Lin K.-H.Tzou D.-LM.Lin C.-C. Tetrahedron 2007, 63: 4310 -
21a
Pabba J.Vasella A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46: 3619 -
21b
Pabba J.Rempel BP.Withers SG.Vasella A. Helv. Chim. Acta 2006, 89: 635
References
- 1
Bräse S.Gil C.Knepper K.Zimmermann V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44: 5188 - 2
Papa AJ. J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31: 1426 -
3a
Li C.Arasappan A.Fuchs PL. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34: 3535 -
3b
Li C.Shih T.-L.Jeong JU.Arasappan A.Fuchs PL. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35: 2645 - 4
Dharanipragada R.VanHulle K.Bannister A.Bear S.Kennedy L.Hruby VJ. Tetrahedron 1992, 48: 4733 - 5
Enders D.Backes M. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic SynthesisPaquette AL. Wiley; New York: 2004. -
6a
Palacios F.Aparicio D.De los Santos JM.De Heredia IP.Rubiales G. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1995, 27: 171 -
6b
Fotsing JR.Banert K.Hagedorn M. Tetrahedron 2005, 61: 8904 -
6c
Fotsing JR.Banert K. Synthesis 2006, 261 - 7
Fotsing JR.Banert K. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 3704 -
8a
Abramovitch RA.Shinkai I.Cue BWJr.Ragan FA.Atwood JL. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1976, 13: 415 -
8b
Dirlam JP.Cue BWJr.Gombatz KJ. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43: 76 - 9
Clinch K.Marquez CJ.Parrott MJ.Ramage R. Tetrahedron 1989, 45: 239 - 10
Denmark SE.Dorow RL. Chirality 2002, 14: 241 - 11
Abramovitch AR.Azogu CI.McMaster IT.Vanderpool DP. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43: 1218 - 12
Sakai K.Anselme J.-P. J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36: 2387 -
13a
Crimmin JM.O’Hanlon PJ.Rogers NH.Walker G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1989, 2047 -
13b
Amer MIK.Booth BL. J. Chem. Res., Synop. 1993, 4 -
14a
Crotti P.Di Bussolo V.Favero L.Macchia F.Pineschi M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 1675 -
14b
Di Bussolo V.Caselli M.Romano MR.Pineschi M.Crotti P. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 8702 -
14c
Di Bussolo V.Romano MR.Pineschi M.Crotti P.Favero L. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71: 1696 - 15
Pan Y.Merriman RL.Tanzer LR.Fuchs PL. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1992, 2: 967 -
16a
Evans DA.Britton TC.Ellman JA.Dorow RL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112: 4011 -
16b
Smith RJ.Bienz S. Helv. Chim. Acta 2004, 87: 1681 -
16c
Treweeke NR.Hitchcock PB.Pardoe DA.Caddick S. Chem. Commun. 2005, 1868 -
16d
Xu J.Wei L.Mathvink R.He J.Park Y.-J.He H.Leiting B.Lyons KA.Marsilio F.Patel RA.Wu JK.Thornberry NA.Weber AE. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15: 2533 -
17a
Ying L.Gervay-Hague J. Carbohydr. Res. 2003, 338: 835 -
17b
Stolz F.Reiner M.Blume A.Reutter W.Schmidt RR. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 665 - 18
Mitchinson A.Blackaby WP.Bourrain S.Carling RW.Lewis RT. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47: 2257 - 19
Arnold MA.Duron SG.Gin DY. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127: 6924 -
20a
Fan G.-T.Pan Y.-S.Lu K.-C.Cheng Y.-P.Lin W.-C.Lin S.Lin C.-H.Wong C.-H.Fang J.-M.Lin C.-C. Tetrahedron 2005, 61: 1855 -
20b
Chang C.-W.Chen Y.-N.Adak AK.Lin K.-H.Tzou D.-LM.Lin C.-C. Tetrahedron 2007, 63: 4310 -
21a
Pabba J.Vasella A. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46: 3619 -
21b
Pabba J.Rempel BP.Withers SG.Vasella A. Helv. Chim. Acta 2006, 89: 635