Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-926707
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Risikobewertung Amalgam: Antwort auf Halbachs Kommentar
Publication History
Publication Date:
17 May 2006 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/gesu/200604/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-2006-926707-1.jpg)
Wir danken Herrn Prof. Dr. Halbach, dass er uns mit seinem Leserbrief Gelegenheit gibt, die kontroverse Diskussion zur Toxizität von Amalgam mit weiteren neuen wissenschaftlichen Daten fortzusetzen, welche nicht in unserer Risikobewertung berücksichtigt werden konnten. Diese Antwort stellt damit eine Fortsetzung und Ergänzung unserer Risikobewertung dar. Wir empfehlen dem Leser aber, nicht nur unsere Diskussion, sondern die ganze Risikobewertung zu lesen, ergänzend dazu dann Prof. Halbachs Kommentar und diese Antwort, um sich selbst einen Überblick über die Datenlage bilden zu können. Wegen der Bedeutung des Themas beziehen wir hier ausführlich Stellung (nach Kapiteln geordnet).
Literatur
- 1 Mutter J, Naumann J, Walach H. et al . Amalgam: Eine Risikobewertung unter Berücksichtigung der neuen Literatur bis 2005. [Amalgam risk assessment with coverage of references up to 2005]. Gesundheitswesen. 2005; 67 204-216
- 2 Bradstreet J. A case-control study of mercury burden in children with autistic Disorders and measles virus genomic RNA in cerebrospinal fluid in children with regressive autism. Immunization safety review: Vaccines and autism. Institute of Medicine, 9.2.2004. http://www.iom.edu/subpage.asp?id = 18 065 [20.10.2005].
- 3 Holmes A S, Blaxill M F, Haley B E. Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children. Int J Toxicol. 2003; 22 277-285
- 4 Hu L W, Bernard J, Che. Neutron activation analysis of hair samples for the identification of autism. Transactions of the American Nuclear Society. 2003; v89 681-682
- 5 Stenman S, Grans L. Symptoms and differential diagnosis of patients fearing mercury toxicity from amalgam fillings. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997; 23 (Suppl 3) 59-63
- 6 Grandjean P, Weihe P, White R F. Milestone development in infants exposed to methylmercury from human milk. Neurotoxicology. 1995; 16 27-33
- 7 Nelson K B, Bauman M L. Thimerosal and autism?. Pediatrics. 2003; 111 674-679
- 8 Hargreaves R J, Evans J G, Janota I. et al . Persistent mercury in nerve cells 16 years after metallic mercury poisoning. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1988; 14 443-452
- 9 Takahata N, Hayashi H, Watanabe S. et al . Accumulation of mercury in the brains of two autopsy cases with chronic inorganic mercury poisoning. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1970; 24 59-69
- 10 Sugita M. The biological half-time of heavy metals. The existence of a third, „slowest” component. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1978; 41 25-40
- 11 Kishi R, Doi R, Fukuchi Y. et al . Residual neurobehavioural effects associated with chronic exposure to mercury vapour. Occup Environ Med. 1994; 51 35-41
- 12 He F S, Zhow X R, Lin B X. et al . Prognosis of mercury poisoning in mercury refinery workers. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1984; 13 (2 Suppl.) 389-393
- 13 Kaufmann T, Bloch C, Schmidt W. et al . Chronic inflammation and pain inside the mandibular jaw and a 10-year forgotten amalgam filling in an alveolar cavity of an extracted molar tooth. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2005; 29 405-413
- 14 Lechner J. Störfelder im Trigeminusbereich und Systemerkrankungen. Kötzting; Erich-Wühr-Verlag für Ganzheitliche Medizin 1999
- 15 Halbach S. Entwarnung in Sachen Amalgam. Apotheken-Umschau. 2005; 2 16-18
- 16 World Health Organisation (WHO) .Mercury in health care. Policy Paper. August 2005. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/medicalwaste/mercurypolpaper.pdf [8.12.2005].
- 17 Alsen-Hinrichs C. Entwarnung in Sachen Amalgam?. Umwelt*medizin*Gesellschaft. 2005; 18 (4) 18
- 18 Koller U, Halbach S. Amalgam - so schlecht wie sein Ruf?. LZG Gesund in Bayern. 2004; September/Oktober: 6 - 7. http://www.lzg-bayern.de/download/gib/gib_04_5.pdf [7.12.2005];
- 19 Letz R, Gerr F, Cragle D. et al . Residual neurologic deficits 30 years after occupational exposure to elemental mercury. Neurotoxicology. 2000; 21 459-474
- 20 Kobal A B, Horvat M, Prezelj M. et al . The impact of long-term past exposure to elemental mercury on antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation in mercury miners. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2004; 17 261-274
- 21 James S J, Slikker W 3rd, Melnyk S. et al . Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. Neurotoxicology. 2005; 26 1-8
- 22 James S J, Cutler P, Melnyk S. et al . Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80 1611-1617
- 23 Stoiber T, Bonacker D, Bohm K J. et al . Disturbed microtubule function and induction of micronuclei by chelate complexes of mercury(II). Mutat Res. 2004; 563 97-106
- 24 Stoiber T, Degen G H, Bolt H M. et al . Interaction of mercury(II) with the microtubule cytoskeleton in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol Lett. 2004; 151 99-104
- 25 Thier R, Bonacker D, Stoiber T. et al . Interaction of metal salts with cytoskeletal motor protein systems. Toxicol Lett. 2003; 140 - 141 75-81
- 26 Bonacker D, Stoiber T, Wang M. et al . Genotoxicity of inorganic mercury salts based on disturbed microtubule function. Arch Toxicol. 2004; 78 575-583
- 27 Mutter J, Naumann J, Schneider R. et al . Mercury and autism: accelerating evidence?. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005; 26 431-437
- 28 Muhlendahl K E. Commentary regarding the article by Mutter et al. „Amalgam studies: Disregarding basic principles of mercury toxicity” [Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 207: 391 - 397]. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2005; 208 435
- 29 Mutter J, Naumann J, Sadaghiani C. et al . Mercury and autism: Response to the letter of K. E. v. Mühlendahl [Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208: 435]. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2005; 208 437-438
- 30 Hornig M, Chian D, Lipkin W I. Neurotoxic effects of postnatal thimerosal are mouse strain dependent. Mol Psychiatry. 2004; 9 (9) 833-845
- 31 Bradstreet J, Geier D A, Kartzinel J J. et al . A case-control study of mercury burden in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Am Phys Surg. 2003; 8 76-79
- 32 Palmer R F, Blanchard S, Stein Z. et al . Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas. Health Place. 2006; 12 203-209
- 33 Autism Research Institute .Treatment options for mercury/metal toxicity in autism and related developmental disabilities. http://www.autismwebsite.com/ari/treatment/form34q.htm [20.10.2005].
- 34 Burton D. Truth revealed: New scientific discoveries regarding mercury in medicine and autism. Opening statement before the U. S. House of Representatives. Subcommittee on human rights and wellness, Sept. 8 2004. http://reform.house.gov/WHR/Hearings/EventSingle.aspx?EventID = 18 156 [20.10.2005].
- 35 Institute of Medicine (US) .Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. Washington, DC; National Acedemy Press 2004
- 36 Kennedy J R. Deadly immunity. 2005, June 16. http://www.house.gov/burton/article61605.htm [7.12.2005].
- 37 Martinson B C, Anderson M S, de Vries R. Scientists behaving badly. Nature. 2005; 435 737-738
- 38 Taylor R, Giles J. Cash interests taint drug advice. Nature. 2005; 437 1070-1071
- 39 Angell M. The truth about drug companies: How they deceive us and what to do about it. New York; Random House 2004
- 40 Pichichero M E, Cernichiari E, Lopreiato J. et al . Mercury concentrations and metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing thiomersal: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2002; 360 1737-1741
- 41 Yel L, Brown L E, Su K. et al . Thimerosal induces neuronal cell apoptosis by causing cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release from mitochondria. Int J Mol Med. 2005; 16 971-977
- 42 Waly M, Olteanu H, Banerjee R. et al . Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. Mol Psychiatry. 2004; 9 358-370
- 43 Deth R C. Truth revealed: New scientific discoveries regarding mercury in medicine and autism. Congressional Testimony before the U. S. House of Representatives. Subcommittee on human rights and wellness. 8.9.2004. http://reform.house.gov/WHR/Hearings/EventSingle.aspx?EventID = 18 156 [20.10.2005].
- 44 Jedrychowski W, Jankowski J, Flak E. et al . Effects of prenatal exposure to mercury on cognitive and psychomotor function in one-year-old infants: epidemiologic cohort study in Poland. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 in print;
- 45 Fischer R D. Truth revealed: New scientific discoveries regarding mercury in medicine and autism. Congressional Testimony before the U. S. House of Representatives. Subcommittee on human rights and wellness. 8.9.2004. http://reform.house.gov/WHR/Hearings/EventSingle.aspx?EventID = 18 156 [20.10.2005].
- 46 Razagui I B, Haswell S J. Mercury and selenium concentrations in maternal and neonatal scalp hair: relationship to amalgam-based dental treatment received during pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001; 81 1-19
- 47 Arabi M. Bull spermatozoa under mercury stress. Reprod Domest Anim. 2005; 40 454-459
- 48 Podzimek S, Prochazkova J, Bultasova L. et al . Sensitization to inorganic mercury could be a risk factor for infertility. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005; 26 (4) in print
- 49 Choy C M, Lam C W, Cheung L T. et al . Infertility, blood mercury concentrations and dietary seafood consumption: a case-control study. BJOG. 2002; 109 1121-1125
- 50 The E uropean Environmental Bureau (EEB). Report form the international Conference „Toward a mercury-free world”. Madrid; 22.4.2005
- 51 Echeverria D, Woods J S, Heyer N J. et al . Chronic low-level mercury exposure, BDNF polymorphism, and associations with cognitive and motor function. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2005; 27 781-796
- 52 Heyer N J, Echeverria D, Bittner A C Jr. et al . Chronic low-level mercury exposure, BDNF polymorphism, and associations with self-reported symptoms and mood. Toxicol Sci. 2004; 81 354-363
- 53 Hylander L D, Lindvall A, Gahnberg L. High mercury emissions from dental clinics despite amalgam separators. Sci Total Environ. 2005 in print;
- 54 Hylander L D, Lindvall A, Uhrberg R. et al . Mercury recovery in situ of four different dental amalgam separators. Sci Total Environ. 2005; in print;
- 55 Bender M. Taking a bite out of dental mercury pollution. New England zero Mercury Campaign. 2005. http://www.mercurypolicy.org/new/documents/NEZMC_Report_Card_on_Dental_MercuryFINAL.pdf [20.10.2005];
- 56 Zeller D, Booth S. Costs and benefits of regulating mercury. Science. 2005; 310 777-779
- 57 American Dental Association . Test Results/ADA finds 11 amalgam seperators exceed standard. ADA Health & Science News. 18.2.2002;
- 58 American Dental Association .ADA Responds To Amalgam Litigation. 28.6.2001. http://www.ada.org/members/ada/insite/comm/media/articles/0106/art-03.html.
- 59 Larkin M. Don’t remove amalgam fillings, urges American Dental Association. Lancet. 2002; 3 360
- 60 Burton D. Mercury in medicine-taking unnecessary risks. A report prepared by the staff of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness Committee on Government Reform United States House of Representatives 2003. http://www.house.gov/burton/autism.htm [10.6.2005].
- 61 Wassermann O, Weitz M, Alsen-Hinrichs C. Kieler Amalgamgutachten 1997. Institut für Toxikologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel 1997 2. Aufl.
- 62 Wassermann O, Weitz M, Alsen-Hinrichs C. Replik der Autoren des „Kieler Amalgamgutachtens 1997” zu der Stellungnahme der Autoren Prof. Dr. S. Halbach et al. 1999. Universitätsklinikum Kiel: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Toxikologie 1999 Heft 44
- 63 Staatsanwaltschaft des Landgerichtes Frankfurt (Dr. Schöndorf) .Verfügung. 65 Js 17 084.4/91. http: //people.blinx.de/sems/recht/dokument1.htm [29.11.2005].
- 64 Hylander L D, Goodsite M E. Environmental costs of mercury pollution. Sci Total Environ. 2006; in print;
- 65 Echeverria D, Woods J S, Heyer N J. et al . The association between a genetic polymorphism of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, dental mercury exposure and neurobehavioral response in humans. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2006; 28 39-48
- 66 Kobal Grum D, Kobal A B, Arneric N. et al . Personality traits in miners with past occupational elemental mercury exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114 290-296
- 67 Guzzi G, Grandi M, Cattaneo C. et al . Dental Amalgam and mercury levels in autopsy tissues. Food for Thought. Am I Forensic Med Pathol. 2006; 27 42-45
Dr. med. Joachim Mutter
Institut für Umweltmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinik Freiburg
Hugstetter Str. 55
79106 Freiburg
Email: joachim.mutter@uniklinik-freiburg.de