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DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-39323
Zirconium Tetrachloride
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
20. Mai 2003 (online)
Biographical Sketches
The use of transition metal salts in organic synthesis is an emerging area of research. Due to their low toxicity (LD50 [ZrCl4, oral rat] = 1688 mgKg-1), [1] low cost, ease of handling, and high catalytic activity, the Zr(IV) compounds are potential green catalysts. ZrCl4 is a relatively weak Lewis acid, [2] which finds uses in Friedal-Crafts reaction, [3] Diels-Alder reactions, [4] asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction, [5] [2+2]-adduct formation, [6] and intramolecular cyclization. [7] The application of ZrCl4 in organic reactions is gaining renewed interests.
Zirconium tetrachloride may be prepared by chlorination of heated zirconium, zirconium carbide, or a mixture of ZrO2 and charcoal. [8]
Abstract
(A) ZrCl4 facilitates a high yielding homologation of ketones into a-methoxy ketones [9] via intermediate sulfone adducts. This procedure allows the sulfone mediated homologation methodology to be applied to monocyclic and acyclic ketones. |
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(B) ZrCl4/NaBH4 reduces [10] various functional groups including carbonyls, olefins, imines, and nitriles. The above reducing system along with a chiral amino alcohol have been successfully applied to the enantioselective reduction of oxime ethers. [11] ZrCl4 in the presence of NaBH4 and (S)(-)-a,a-diphenyl prolinol catalyzed the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones with moderate to high enantiomeric excess. [12] |
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(C) ZrCl4 is an excellent mediator of the Fries reaction [13] and it transforms 6-methoxytetralins into 8-methoxytetralins. [14] The Fries rearrangement occurs at ambient temperature and is highly selective with preferential migration towards the least sterically encumbered adjacent carbon centre. Use of ultrasound in this reaction is often beneficial. |
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(D) ZrCl4 catalyzed the hydrostannation [15] of acetylenes by tributyltin hydride to produce the cis-vinylstannanes by regio- and stereoselective anti-hydrostannation. The hydrostannation of acetylene using dibutyltin dihydride is also catalyzed by ZrCl4 to give the stereodefined Z-Z divinyltin derivatives by an anti-hydrostannation pathway. [15] This reaction at 0 °C gave better yields and stereoselectivity than the reaction at room temperature. The trans-allylstannylation of simple acetylenes is also catalyzed by ZrCl4 to produce alkenylstannanes [16] in a regio- and stereoselective manner. |
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(E) ZrCl4 is an effective catalyst for highly chemoselective transthioacetalization of acetals [17] under mild reaction condition. High rates of reaction, mild reaction conditions, high chemoselectivity, easy work-up and high yields of the desired product highlight this reaction. |
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(F) ZrCl4 is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of a-aminophosphates. [18] The method is effective for aromatic, aliphatic, or a,b-unsaturated aldehydes and provides excellent yields of the product. |
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(G) The THF complex of ZrCl4 i.e. ZrCl4˙(THF)2 is highly effective as a catalyst for the selective esterification of primary alcohols with carboxylic acids in the presence of secondary alcohols or aromatic alcohols. [19] Direct condensation of equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols could be achieved using Zr(IV) salts. This method offers considerable advantage in terms of simplicity, high chemoselectivity, high atom efficiency, and low environmental impact. |
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- 1
Lewis RJSR. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Van Nostrand Reinhold; New York: 1989. 7th Ed.. p.Vol. 3 - 2
Smith MB. Organic Synthesis McGraw-Hill Inc.; New York: 1994. p.108 - 3
Heine HW.Cottle DL.van Mater HL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68: 524 - 4
Poll T.Helmchen G.Bauer B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25: 2191 - 5
Evans DA.Chapman KT.Bisaha J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110: 1238 - 6
Frank-Neumann M.Miesch M.Gross L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31: 5027 - 7
Denmark SE.Weber EJ.Wilson TM.Willson TM. Tetrahedron 1989, 45: 1053 - 8
Cotton FA.Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Wiley Interscience; New York: 1988. 5th Ed.. p.779 - 9
Montana JG.Phillipson N.Taylor RJK. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 2289 - 10
Itsuno S.Sakurai Y.Ito K. Synthesis 1988, 995 - 11
Itsuno S.Sakurai Y.Shimizu K.Ito KM. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1990, 1859 - 12
Chary KP.Thomas RM.Iyengar DS. Indian J. Chem., Sect. B 2000, 39: 57 - 13
Harrowven DC.Dainty RF. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 7659 - 14
Harrowven DC.Dainty RF. Tetrahedron 1997, 53: 15771 - 15
Asao N.Liu JX.Sudoh T.Yamamoto Y. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61: 4568 - 16
Asao N.Matsukawa Y.Yamamoto Y. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 1513 - 17
Firouzabadi H.Iranpoor N.Karimi B. Synlett 1999, 319 - 18
Yadav JS.Reddy BVS.Raj KS.Reddy KB.Prasad AR. Synthesis 2001, 2277 - 19
Ishihara K.Nakayama M.Ohara S.Yamamoto H. Tetrahedron 2002, 58: 8179
References
- 1
Lewis RJSR. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Van Nostrand Reinhold; New York: 1989. 7th Ed.. p.Vol. 3 - 2
Smith MB. Organic Synthesis McGraw-Hill Inc.; New York: 1994. p.108 - 3
Heine HW.Cottle DL.van Mater HL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68: 524 - 4
Poll T.Helmchen G.Bauer B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25: 2191 - 5
Evans DA.Chapman KT.Bisaha J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110: 1238 - 6
Frank-Neumann M.Miesch M.Gross L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31: 5027 - 7
Denmark SE.Weber EJ.Wilson TM.Willson TM. Tetrahedron 1989, 45: 1053 - 8
Cotton FA.Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Wiley Interscience; New York: 1988. 5th Ed.. p.779 - 9
Montana JG.Phillipson N.Taylor RJK. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 2289 - 10
Itsuno S.Sakurai Y.Ito K. Synthesis 1988, 995 - 11
Itsuno S.Sakurai Y.Shimizu K.Ito KM. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1990, 1859 - 12
Chary KP.Thomas RM.Iyengar DS. Indian J. Chem., Sect. B 2000, 39: 57 - 13
Harrowven DC.Dainty RF. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 7659 - 14
Harrowven DC.Dainty RF. Tetrahedron 1997, 53: 15771 - 15
Asao N.Liu JX.Sudoh T.Yamamoto Y. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61: 4568 - 16
Asao N.Matsukawa Y.Yamamoto Y. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 1513 - 17
Firouzabadi H.Iranpoor N.Karimi B. Synlett 1999, 319 - 18
Yadav JS.Reddy BVS.Raj KS.Reddy KB.Prasad AR. Synthesis 2001, 2277 - 19
Ishihara K.Nakayama M.Ohara S.Yamamoto H. Tetrahedron 2002, 58: 8179