Is it possible to perform gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection without discontinuation of a single antiplatelet of thienopyridine derivatives?

Abstract

Background and study aims Combined use of thienopyridine derivatives and other antithrombotic agents is reported to be a risk factor for postoperative bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). However, risk associated with a single thienopyridine derivative has not been evaluated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate bleeding risks of gastric ESD without discontinuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent.

Patients and methods This multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study included patients who had undergone implantation of a coronary artery stent and who were taking a combination of aspirin antiplatelet therapy and a thienopyridine derivative agent. Enrolled patients discontinued aspirin and underwent gastric ESD without the discontinuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent. The primary endpoint was the major bleeding complication rate after gastric ESD.

Results Eleven patients were enrolled in this study from April 2015 to November 2016 after written informed consent was obtained. Among them, 1 patient, who had undergone surgery for a primary cardiac tumor before ESD, was excluded from the study. Ten patients underwent gastric ESD for neoplasms. En-bloc resections were achieved in all cases without intraoperative bleeding complications. Two patients experienced postoperative bleeding although neither case required a blood transfusion (95 % CI 2.5 – 55.6 %).

Conclusion En-bloc resections were possible although the postoperative bleeding rate tended to be higher in gastric ESD without discontinuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent. Additional preventive measures are mandatory to carry out safe gastric ESD in such settings.

Introduction

Endoscopic resections (ERs) are now accepted as established and reliable therapies for gastrointestinal neoplasms. One such therapy is endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) that enables en-bloc resections that are preferable for comprehensive histopathologic assessment of resected specimens [1] [2] [3]. Thus, ERs including ESD play important roles in clinical daily practice of treating gastrointestinal disease, although risk of bleeding is still a major problem. Gastric ESD is reported to be associated with a 5 % postoperative bleeding rate [4] [5]. Use of antiplatelet agents increases risk of postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD, particularly in patients administered a combination of antiplatelet agents [4] [5] [6] [7].

On the other hand, antiplatelet agents are mandatory for prophylactic treatment of a thromboembolic event including cardiovascular disease [8] [9]. In particular, a combination of aspirin and thienopyridine derivatives [dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)] is a key treatment for a period of time after implantation of a coronary stent [10]. After a period on DAPT, it is common to continue on a single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) for a long duration. As drug-eluting stents are frequently used in the field of coronary interventions, it has also become more difficult to terminate antiplatelet therapy compared with bare-metal stents that were mainly used in the past. Aspirin is a popular antiplatelet agent administered as a SAPT after a period of DAPT. Because clopidogrel became commercially available as a relatively safe agent, thienopyridine derivatives have become the preferred SAPT choice. Additionally, it was reported that a thienopyridine derivative SAPT reduced the risk of cardiovascular events significantly compared with that of aspirin, although thienopyridine derivatives were also thought to be associated with a potential risk of bleeding complications during gastric ESD compared to aspirin [7] [11] [12] [13] [14]. However, there are no available data on safety of gastric ESD without the discontinuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent.

Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the bleeding risks of gastric ESD without discontinuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent in this pilot study.

Patients and methods

This study was conducted as a prospective, cohort, and observational study in 3 endoscopy centers in Japan from April 2015 to November 2016. The study was approved by the institutional review board of each center. The following institutions participated in the study: The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo; New Tokyo Hospital, Chiba; Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Ishikawa. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before the ESD procedure. This study was registered in the UMIN clinical trial registry (UMIN000017078).

Indication criteria were as follows: diagnosed as or suspicious of having gastric adenoma/adenocarcinoma; more than 6 months elapsed since the last percutaneous coronary intervention; oral administration of 75 mg clopidogrel or 3.75 mg prasugrel; and absence of comorbidities that associated with a tendency to bleed. The latter included hematologic disease (hemoglobin < 7.0 g/dL or platelets < 100,000/μL), renal disease (blood urea nitrogen > 25 mg/dL or creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL), or liver disease (aspartate aminotransferase > 100 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase > 100 IU/L, or a Child-Pugh score > 6). Patients with a past history of coronary stent thrombosis or those who had a stent placed in the left main coronary trunk were excluded because of risk management of perioperative re-occlusion of coronary stents, according to the consulting cardiovascular specialists. Patients administered anticoagulants were also excluded because they principally required heparin replacement as recommended in the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) guidelines [15].

The schedule of participants is shown in [Fig. 1]. Aspirin and other antiplatelet agents were discontinued 5 days and 1 day before the ESD procedure, respectively, as recommended in the JGES guidelines [16]. All agents were restarted on day 14 after the ESD procedure because postoperative bleedings more than 14 days after the gastric ESD are rare. An additional reason is that a longer cessation period is not preferable to prevent re-occlusion of a coronary stent from the standpoint of cardiologists. As an acid secretion inhibitor, only oral administration of rabeprazole 10 mg was started or switched from other acid secretion inhibitors 1 day before and continued for at least 14 days after the ESD procedure. ESD procedures were performed in the same way as other usual cases mentioned elsewhere [17]. On the first postoperative day, a second-look endoscopy was performed. Prophylactic hemostasis using hemostat forceps or clips was also performed if necessary. Oral intake was restarted on the second day after the ESD procedure. Serum hemoglobin levels were checked every day until discharge on day 6 or 7 after the ESD procedure. On day 14 after the ESD procedure, symptoms, serum hemoglobin levels, and electrocardiographic changes were checked in an outpatient clinic. The participants were followed up for 60 days after the ESD procedure.

Fig. 1 Schedule of study participants.

The primary endpoint of this study was a major adverse bleeding event associated with the ESD procedure defined as follows: requirement for an endoscopic intervention to achieve hemostasis, a blood transfusion, and/or a hemoglobin decrease > 2 g/dL since the most recent blood test. Because there were no data available to calculate the sample size as mentioned above, we aimed to accumulate all 10 participants in a pilot study.

The exact confidence interval (CI) was calculated using Excel software (Microsoft Crop., Redmond, Washington, USA ).

Results

Characteristics of the 10 remaining patients are summarized in [Table  1]. They were all undergoing DAPT for a stent implantation in the coronary artery. All thienopyridine derivatives were clopidogrel. One patient was undergoing a triple antiplatelet therapy that included cilostazol.

Table 1 Characteristics of study patients (n = 10).

Age, mean ± SD, years, (range)	72.2 ± 6.1 (63 – 79)
Sex, n
Male	8
Female	2
Body mass index, mean ± SD, (range)	23.5 ± 2.8 (17.8 – 28.3)
Serum hemoglobin, mean ± SD, g/dL, (range)	13.2 ± 2.1 (9.5 – 15.6)
Number of platelets, mean ± SD, × 10000 /mm3, (range)	24.3 ± 6.4 (17.5 – 38.3)
Prothrombine time, mean ± SD, %, (range)	100.4 ± 6.5 (92.4 – 118.3)
Thienopyridine derivatives, n
Clopidogrel	10
Prasugrel	0
Aspirin / other antiplatelets, n
Aspirin	10
Other antiplatelets	Cilostazol: 1

The 10 patients underwent gastric ESD for superficial neoplasms: 3 adenomas; 5 intramucosal adenocarcinomas; and 2 invasive adenocarcinomas. Details of the ESD procedures are summarized in [Table  2]. En-bloc resections and R0 resections were achieved in all cases without intraoperative bleeding complications. Among them, 2 patients required additional surgery and underwent a gastrectomy 48 days and 43 days after the ESD procedure, respectively. Unfortunately, the former patient died from a septic shock because of complications caused by the additional surgery 94 days after the ESD procedure. An autopsy proved that the cause of death was not correlated with this study. The other 8 patients underwent follow-up endoscopies 8 weeks after the ESD procedure. All artificial ulcers were in the S1 stage.

Table 2 Details of lesions and ESD procedures in 10 patients.

Lesion location, n
Upper third	2
Middle third	4
Lower third	4
Anterior	3
Greater curvature	2
Posterior	1
Lesser curvature	4
Gross type, n
Elevated type	5
Flat type	0
Depressed type	5
Electrosurgical knives, n
Flush knife	5
Dual knife	3
IT-2 knife	2
Operation time, mean ± SD, minutes (range)	60.1 ± 42.8 (18 – 173)
Preventive treatment time, mean ± SD, minutes (range)	14.2 ± 12.8 (4 – 43)
Number of clips, mean ± SD (range)	3.1 ± 2.8 (0 – 9)
Diameter of tumors, mean ± SD, mm (range)	25.8 ± 15.5 (7 – 54)
Diameter of resected specimen, mean ± SD, mm (range)	46.1 ± 13.3 (30 – 75)
En-bloc resection, n	10
R0 resection, n	10
Histopathological depth of invasion
Adenoma	3
Intramucosal adenocarcinoma	5
Invasive adenocarcinoma	2
Histopathological fibrosis	0

Two patients experienced postoperative bleeding during the follow-up period; their characteristics are summarized in [Table  3]. One patient occasionally had an oozing bleed from the artificial ulcer observed during the second-look endoscopy 1 day after the ESD procedure. Visible vessels were treated by endoscopic hemostasis and recovered well without a blood transfusion ([Fig. 2]). The other patient who had a tumor more than 50 mm in diameter experienced hematemesis and underwent endoscopic hemostasis 2 days after the ESD procedure. That patient also recovered well and did not require a blood transfusion ( [Fig. 3]). No patients experienced thromboembolic events including stent re-occlusions in the follow-up period.

Table 3 Details on 2 patients with major bleeding complications.

Case no.	Age	Sex	Comorbidity	Antiplatelet therapy	Location of lesion	Lesion size/Specimen size, mm	Operation time, min	Preventive treatment time	Endoscopic hemastasis	Number of prophylactic clips	Blood transfusion	Maximum decrease of hemoglobin level, g/dL
1	63	M	IHD	DAPT (clopidogrel)	Lower third Greater curvature	12/40	18	8	Day 1	0	No	– 4.0
2	73	M	IHD	DAPT (clopidogrel)	Middle third Lesser curvature	54/75	77	35	Day 2	5	No	– 3.1

Fig. 2 Endoscopic images from Case 1. A flat elevated lesion 12 mm in diameter was located in the greater curvature of the lower third of the stomach (upper left and right). Although no visible vessels were observed in the artificial ulcer (lower left), postoperative bleeding was observed on second-look endoscopy the day after ESD (lower right).

Fig. 3 Endoscopic images from Case 2. A flat elevated lesion 54 mm in diameter was located in the lesser curvature of the middle third of the stomach (upper left and right). The artificial ulcer after ESD was approximately 70 mm in diameter (lower left). This patient experienced hematemesis from the visible vessel in the artificial ulcer observed on urgent endoscopy (lower right).

Discussion

Thienopyridine derivatives are thought to be a potential risk factor for postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD [7] [11]. We also reported previously that thienopyridine derivatives might be a risk factor for postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD without discontinuation of a single agent of aspirin [7]. However, in our previous report, all postoperative bleeding occurred after re-starting thienopyridine derivatives in patients undergoing DAPT. Combined use of antithrombotic agents is known to increase risk of gastrointestinal bleeding compared to use of a single antithrombotic agent. Hallas et al. [17] reported that the odds ratio of gastrointestinal bleeding with combined use of aspirin and clopidogrel was 7.4 (95 % CI: 3.5 – 15) although that for aspirin alone was 1.8 (95 % CI: 1.5 – 2.1). However, they also reported that the odds ratio for gastrointestinal bleeding with clopidogrel alone was 1.1 (95 % CI: 0.6 – 2.1). Discontinuing aspirin in patients undergoing triple antithrombotic DAPT and an anticoagulant was reported to reduce risk of gastrointestinal bleeding significantly in a randomized controlled trial [18]. Thus, periendoscopic discontinuation of aspirin can be an option for patients undergoing DAPT considering the risks of bleeding and stent re-occlusion. However, there are no data on the impact of a single thienopyridine derivative agent on gastric ESD. This is the first report to evaluate the feasibility of gastric ESD without discontinuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent.

In this study, the rate of postoperative bleeding seemed to be higher than that in gastric ESD without use of antithrombotic agents, although the number of patients was too small to identify a statistically significant risk factor of postoperative bleeding. In addition, 1 patient with postoperative bleeding had a tumor more than 50 mm in diameter that was reported to be a solid risk factor for postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD [19]. Therefore, in a larger-scale clinical trial in an appropriate setting, in which known risk factors are well-controlled, the rate of postoperative bleeding may be quite different from that reported in this study.

It is notable, however, that 8 of the 10 patients underwent gastric ESD without major bleeding complications. The prophylactic treatments used for postoperative bleeding in this study are all current standard treatments in clinical practice. Nowadays, there are novel treatments to prevent postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD. A polyglycolic acid sheet is one promising treatment to shield artificial ulcers and prevent postoperative bleeding [20] [21]. Vonoprazan is a novel and strong acid secretion inhibitor categorized as a potassium-competitive acid blocker. It is reported to remarkably reduce the postoperative bleeding rate to 1.3 % and induce postoperative artificial ulcer healing after gastric ESD [22] [23]. Combining these emerging prophylactics might provide a safe option for patients administered antithrombotic agents, including those who undergo gastric ESD without discontinuing a single thienopyridine derivative agent.

Undoubtedly, the limitations of this study were the very small number of patients enrolled and the pilot study design. Because of this, it was difficult to analyze risk factors for postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD without discontinuing a single thienopyridine derivative agent. However, this study demonstrated that such gastric ESD is not necessarily impossible, as mentioned above. Considering the severity of an ischemic heart event due to re-occlusion of a coronary stent during cessation of thienopyridine derivatives, gastric ESD without discontinuing a single thienopyridine derivative agent might be controllable by careful observation and using upcoming preventive treatments for postoperative bleeding.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the postoperative bleeding rate tended to be higher in gastric ESD with continuation of a single thienopyridine derivative agent although en-bloc resections were possible. Additional preventive measures are mandatory to carry out safe gastric ESD in such settings.

Competing interests

None

Acknowledgments

Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).

The authors are grateful to Dr. Noboru Kawata, Dr. Kohei Takizawa, Dr. Naomi Kakushima, Dr. Hiroyuki Ono, Dr. Naoki Kawai, Dr Toshiyuki Yoshio, Dr. Yorimasa Yamamoto, Prof. Shigetaka Tounou, and Prof. Tomoki Michida for their valuable comments and suggestions about carrying out this study. This work was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).

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