COVID-19: The Second Wave—Are There Lessons from the First Wave to Prepare Us for the Second Wave?

It has been a year since we were exposed to a totally new disease. Now we are at the start of the second wave that historically has been more severe than the first wave. Are there any lessons to learn from the first wave that may help us reduce the impact of the second wave?

As the first wave progressed, it was discovered that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia was different from its predecessor SARS-CoV-1. SARS-CoV-1 mainly occurred in symptomatic individuals. SARS-CoV-2 occurs in a large number of asymptomatic.[1] These asymptomatic go undetected and act as super spreaders. A study done very early in the first wave on the Diamond Princess cruise ship revealed that 54% of asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 had positive computed tomography (CT) findings.[2] This finding has subsequently been supported by numerous international and more importantly national researchers.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Kashyape and Jain[8] did an interesting study of 1,499 patients and divided them into two groups, symptomatic and asymptomatic. Interestingly the percentage of positive high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was similar irrespective of their symptoms, debunking the theory that asymptomatics have a very low percentage of positive imaging studies.

Another negative aspect discovered during the first wave was the high false negative rate of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (30–40%).[11] This means that individuals who are false negative can be super spreaders. Again, numerous international and national researchers have demonstrated HRCT positivity in individuals with negative RT-PCR.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] HRCT can help reduce false negative rate as well as curb super spreading of SARS-CoV-2. It is important to note that CT may be negative in a positive RT-PCR and vice versa. These tests are complementary and not competitive.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging is a major buzzword as we enter the third decade of the twenty-first century. COVID-19 was a perfect testing ground for AI especially as it needed to concentrate on only two modalities, chest X-ray and CT scan. The findings were also fairly typical and specific of ground glass densities/consolidations in a subpleural/peribronchovascular location. Numerous articles have evaluated the performance of AI systems especially in India where the cohort of patients has been very high, all concluding the experienced radiologists performed better than the AI system in the detection of COVID-19 pneumonia.[19] [20] [21]

Where AI is making a significant impact is on the quantification of extent of lung involvement. In a pandemic, the main concern is as large volumes of patients present at the same time, medical facilities will get overwhelmed triggering panic and societal problems. Triage is needed to help determine rapidly where these patients will be managed so as to optimally utilize medical facilities as well as not overwhelm the medical facilities. It is also useful to determine when the patient needs to be admitted, whether in a ward or directly to intensive care unit (ICU), what oxygen requirements are envisaged, O₂ by nasal canula, noninvasive ventilation, or invasive ventilation. Patients may also rapidly progress and this needs to be predicted. The extent of lung involvement is a good surrogate to detect disease burden; a low percentage of aerated lung correlates with a poor prognosis.

Several CT scoring systems have been proposed, 20, 25, 40, 72 point scale as well as percentage of lung involvement. All these evaluate the extent of lung involvement depending upon the percentage of involvement of each lobe, based on the extent of involvement these are converted to points that are summed up to provide a final score. These scores are based on visual assumption; thus, this is a subjective method with significant inter- and intraobserver variation, resulting in significant under- and overestimation; there is no standardization. Additionally, this is a time-consuming process that does not help in a pandemic when there are numerous patients; quick accurate results are required to help triage these patients.

A recent study utilizing AI system (pulmo density package)[22] that provided percentage of lung involvement was utilized in a large cohort of patients that demonstrated a significant correlation between extent of lung involvement and hospitalization, oxygen requirement, ICU, or ward admission.

Very early in the first wave various radiological societies and health organizations advised strongly against the utilization of CT in the detection of COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. As the first wave progressed, the realization of the great value of CT in this pandemic unfolded, especially in countries like India where there is democratization in the utilization of imaging equipment, not controlled by national policies or insurance companies. In states like Maharashtra, the government realized the value of CT scan and controlled the price of scans between Rs 2000 and 3000 for HRCT. This made it easily accessible and affordable. The large cohort of patients in India resulted in numerous excellent studies on the role of HRCT in asymptomatic and negative RT-PCR. In fact, there has been no disease that has been imaged so much!

Understandably, there has been a call for a review of recommendations and guidelines issued by national and international societies on the utilization of CT scan in COVID-19 pneumonia.

In conclusion, two important lessons learned from the first wave are:

1. CT is very useful in the detection of COVID-19 in asymptomatic and/or RT-PCR-negative individuals. It has the added advantage of a very quick turnaround time as compared with RT-PCR. CT can play a previously undiscovered role as a public health tool to detect super spreaders early. The important point to remember CT may be negative in a positive RT-PCR individual and vice versa, so they are complementary investigations and not competitive.

2. CT is very useful in detecting the extent of lung involvement that helps triage/further management prognostication of individuals. AI is playing a strong role to accurately quantify the extent of disease removing subjectivity. Another important conclusion of the first wave is that AI at present will not be able to replace the experienced radiologists but will function as a useful ally.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

• References

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Publication History

Article published online:
01 June 2021