Die Bedeutung der Sonografie bei der Abklärung von Schilddrüsenerkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Schilddrüsenknoten und Schilddrüsenveränderungen sind häufige Befunde in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die Sonografie ist dabei das wichtigste bildgebende Instrument der Schilddrüsendiagnostik. In Zusammenschau des sonografischen Befunds mit basalen Schilddrüsenhormonparametern und dem klinischen Bild lässt sich in der überwiegenden Zahl der Fälle bereits eine korrekte Diagnose stellen – wie z. B. Hashimoto-Thyreoiditis, eine diffuse Struma oder ein Morbus Basedow – und eine entsprechende Therapie einleiten. Eine sichere Unterscheidung hormonaktiver und inaktiver Knoten sowie insbesondere benigner und maligner Knoten ist jedoch sonografisch nicht sicher möglich. In der Differenzialdiagnose der Hormonaktivität von Schilddrüsenknoten hat die Szintigrafie ihre klinische Bedeutung. Zur Risikostratifizierung des Malignitätsrisikos von Knoten wurde in den vergangenen Jahren versucht, durch standardisierte Befunderhebung evaluierter Risikofaktoren eine bessere Selektion von Patienten, die einer weiteren Diagnostik zugeführt werden sollen, zu erzielen. Entsprechend des „Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System“ (BI-RADS), das standardisierte Malignitäts-bzw. Benignitätskategorien mit evaluierten prozentualen Malignitätswahrscheinlichkeiten als Grundlage für das weitere klinische Management definiert, wurde analog ein „Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System“ (TI-RADS) vorgeschlagen. Neuere technische Verfahren, wie die Elastografie, zeigen ebenfalls vielversprechende Daten und könnten Eingang in den klinischen Alltag gewinnen. Die sonografisch gesteuerte Feinnadelpunktion ist das zentrale Element in der Diagnostik sonografisch suspekter Schilddrüsenknoten und trägt wesentlich zur Sicherung der Diagnose Malignität vs. Benignität bei.

Abstract

Thyroid nodules and thyroid abnormalities are common findings in the general population. Ultrasonography is the most important imaging tool for diagnosing thyroid disease. In the majority of cases a correct diagnosis can already be made in synopsis of the sonographic together with clinical findings and basal thyroid hormone parameters and an appropriate therapy can be initiated thereafter. A differentiation of hormonally active vs. inactive nodes, and in particular benign vs. malignant nodules is sonographically, however, not reliably possible. In this context, radioscanning has its clinical significance predominantly in diagnosing hormonal activity of thyroid nodules. Efforts of the past years aimed to improve sonographic risk stratification to predict malignancy of thyroid nodules through standardized diagnostic assessment of evaluated risk factors in order to select patients, who need further diagnostic work up. According to the "Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System" (BI-RADS), "Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems" (TI-RADS) giving standardized categories with rates of malignancy were evaluated as a basis for further clinical management. Recent technological developments, such as elastography, also showpromising data and could gain entrance into clinical practice. The ultrasound-guided fineneedle aspiration is the key element in the diagnosis of sonographically suspicious thyroid nodules and significantly contributes to the diagnosis of malignancy versus benignity

Schlüsselwörter

Empfehlungen - Leitlinien - Bildgebung

Key words

recommendation - guidelines - imaging

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