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Semin Plast Surg 2020; 34(04): 232-244
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721759
Review Article

Osteoradionecrosis of the Midface and Mandible: Pathogenesis and Management

Nima Vahidi
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
,
Thomas S. Lee
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
,
Srihari Daggumati
1   Department of Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
,
Tom Shokri
2   Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Facial Plastics, Fort Worth, Texas
,
Weitao Wang
2   Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Facial Plastics, Fort Worth, Texas
3   Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
,
Yadranko Ducic
2   Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Facial Plastics, Fort Worth, Texas
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
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Abstract

Radiation therapy is an important and commonly used treatment modality for head and neck cancers. Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a potential debilitating complication of treatment, which most commonly affects the mandible. Management strategies are tailored to the severity of disease. Medical management including oral rinses, irrigations, antibiotics, and pharmacological treatments is viable for mild-to-moderate ORN. More severe disease is best addressed with a combination of medical management and surgical intervention aimed at aggressively removing devitalized tissue until bleeding bone is encountered and reconstructing the soft tissue and bone defect. Reconstruction with either regional vascularized flaps or vascularized osteocutaneous free flaps in case of larger full-thickness bone defects (greater than 6 cm) or anterior mandible (medial to mental foramen) is most appropriate. Maxillary ORN complications can present with a wide range of functional problems and facial disfigurement. Life-threatening and time-sensitive problems should be treated first, such as skull base bone coverage or correction of severe ectropion, to avoid blindness from exposure keratopathy. Then, less time-sensitive issues can be addressed next, such as nasal obstruction, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and chronic tearing. It may require a combination of specialists from different disciplines to address various issues that can arise from maxillary ORN.

Keywords

osteoradionecrosis - mandible reconstruction - midface reconstruction - maxillary reconstruction - fibula free flap - scapula free flap - nasal reconstruction - hyperbaric oxygen - PENTOCLO - pentoxifylline - tocopherol - clodronate


Publication History

Article published online:
24 December 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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