Chiral Brønsted Acids Catalyze Asymmetric Additions to Substrates that Are Already Protonated: Highly Enantioselective Disulfonimide-Catalyzed Hantzsch Ester Reductions of NH–Imine Hydrochloride Salts

Abstract

While imines are frequently used substrates in asymmetric Brønsted acid catalysis, their corresponding salts are generally considered unsuitable reaction partners. Such processes are challenging because they require the successful competition of a catalytic amount of a chiral anion with a stoichiometric amount of an achiral one. We now show that enantiopure disulfonimides enable the asymmetric reduction of N–H imine hydrochloride salts using Hantzsch esters as hydrogen source. Our scalable reaction delivers crystalline primary amine salts in great efficiency and enantioselectivity and the discovery suggests potential of this approach in other Brønsted acid catalyzed transformations of achiral iminium salts. Kinetic studies and acidity data suggest a bifunctional catalytic activation mode.

Key words

Brønsted acids - N–H imine hydrochloride salt - primary amine - disulfonimide (DSI) - organocatalytic reduction

Chiral Brønsted acids are powerful organocatalysts for a great variety of asymmetric nucleophilic additions to imines (Scheme [1], eq. 1).[1] In such reactions, the imine is protonated by the chiral Brønsted acid, with the resulting chiral anion directing the enantiofacial differentiation upon attack of the nucleophile onto the iminium cation. In contrast, the use of iminium salts in asymmetric Brønsted acid catalysis has been entirely unprecedented (Scheme [1], eq. 2).

Scheme 1The challenge of using iminium salts in asymmetric Brønsted acid catalysis.

This limitation of asymmetric Brønsted acid catalysis is perhaps unsurprising because additions to such salts would require overcoming the background reactivity mediated by a stoichiometric amount of a strong achiral acid with a catalytic amount of a chiral one. Here we show that unique enantiopure disulfonimides (DSI) can be designed that catalyze highly enantioselective Hantzsch ester reductions of N–H imine hydrochloride salts.

Enantiopure, α-chiral amines represent an important pharmacophore that can be found in a vast number of biologically active substances.[2] Catalytic asymmetric imine reductions and reductive aminations of carbonyl compounds are efficient approaches toward these motifs.[3] Enantioselective Brønsted acid organocatalysis has contributed with a diverse palette of methodologies using silanes, boranes, and Hantzsch esters as the hydrogen source.[4] [5] [6] [7] Despite these advances, such reductions have generally been limited to N-aryl or N-alkyl imines (Scheme [1], eq. 1). The asymmetric catalytic reduction of unsubstituted N–H imines would be an attractive strategy to directly furnish valuable primary amines. However, such reductions have been less studied and only very few examples appear in the literature.[8] [9] A notable exception by Zhang et al. is the rhodium/bis(phosphine)thiourea-catalyzed asymmetric high-pressure hydrogenation (10 atm) of N–H imine hydrochloride salts, leading to excellent yields and enantioselectivities via anion-binding catalysis.[8a]

Our previous studies using N–H imines in Brønsted acid catalysis revealed a competitive transimination reaction of the intrinsically nucleophilic primary amine product with the starting imine. Consequently, we observed the enantioselective formation of C ₂-symmetric secondary amine products, instead of the desired primary amines.[10] We speculated that if N–H imine hydrochloride salts would be used instead of the free imines, the corresponding ammonium salt products should not engage in the transimination, thereby potentially preventing the reductive dimerization. However, while anion-binding catalysis has shown utility in addition reactions to iminium salt equivalents,[11] the introduction of a stoichiometric, achiral anion (i.e., Cl^–) renders such a reaction design highly challenging, as the underlying principle of asymmetric-counteranion-directed catalysis (ACDC)[12] is undermined. Nonetheless, we speculated that a Brønsted acid catalyst stronger than HCl (pK _a = 10.3 in CH₃CN) could rapidly exchange the counterion of the N–H imine salt and overcome the background reactivity. Alternatively, a catalyst enabling a bifunctional mechanism, in which the nucleophile also interacts with the catalyst, could possibly be used to overcome the background reactivity.[13]

Table 1 Optimization of the Reaction Conditions^a

Entry	Catalyst	Solvent	Conv. (%)b	e.r.c
1	–	MTBE	20	–
2	3a	MTBE	full	83.5:16.5
3	3b	MTBE	full	91:9
4	3c	MTBE	full	97.5:2.5
5	3c	MeCy	75	99:1
6d	3c	CHCl3	full	93:7
7	3c	MTBE–MeCy (1:2)f	full	99:1
8e	3c	MTBE–MeCy (1:2)f	full	98.5:1.5

^a Reactions were performed on a 0.03 mmol scale.

^b Determined by GC.

^c Determined by HPLC, see the Supporting Information.

^d 5 h.

^e 2 mol% of catalyst.

^f MTBE = methyl tert-butyl ether; MeCy = methylcyclohexane.

We commenced our studies with the reduction of N–H imine HCl salt 1a in the presence of Hantzsch ester 2 as the hydrogen source using catalyst DSI-3a [4c] [10] [14] (pK _a = 8.5 in CH₃CN). Remarkably, the catalyst indeed outperformed the background reactivity (20%, Table [1], entry 1), and the corresponding primary amine HCl salt 4a was obtained with promising enantioselectivity (entry 2). A systematic catalyst development (entries 3 and 4) led to a sequential increase of the steric bulk at 3,3′-positions of the (S)-BINOL-derived backbone. Gratifyingly, catalyst 3c, with the novel 3,5-bis[3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)naphthalen-1-yl]phenyl substituent, afforded an excellent e.r. of 97.5:2.5 (entry 4). A solvent screening revealed a 1:2 mixture of MTBE–MeCy to be optimal, affording the amine HCl salt product with a high e.r. of 99:1 (entry 7). Moreover, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 2 mol% with negligible deterioration of enantioselectivity (entry 8).

The insolubility of the amine hydrochloride product in the solvent mixture allowed us to isolate it without column chromatography, but rather via a simple filtration. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with a mixture of MTBE/isohexane, which removes the catalyst, excess of Hantzsch ester, and the Hantzsch ester oxidation product. In contrast, the desired amine HCl salt remains on the Celite and was collected by washing with a mixture of MeOH–CH₂Cl₂ in >99% purity (based on ¹H NMR). It is noteworthy that this procedure led to a slight enhancement of enantiopurity (crude e.r. = 98.5:1.5, after workup e.r. = 99:1).

With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, we next explored the scope of the enantioselective reduction of N–H imine HCl salts (Scheme [2]).[15]

Scheme 2 Exploration of the substrate scope. Reactions were performed on a 0.25 mmol scale. The e.r. was determined by HPLC analysis of the isolated HCl salt of amine products. ^a 5 mol% of catalyst. ^b Slower addition of imine HCl salt 1c in MeCy, at 15 °C, 8 h. ^c 48 h. ^d 96 h. ^e Reaction was performed in MTBE–CHCl₃. ^f 72 h. ^g At 10 °C.

A variety of N–H imine HCl salt substrates were efficiently reduced in the presence of DSI-3c (2 mol%) to afford the corresponding primary amine HCl salts in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. N–H imine HCl salts bearing electron-donating para substituents are well tolerated. For example, p-tert-butyl-substituted imine HCl salt 1b provided amine HCl salt 4b in 81% yield and with an e.r. of 99.5:0.5. Similarly, p-trihexylsilyl- and p-methoxy-substituted iminium salts cleanly provide the products 4c and 4d with excellent enantioselectivity. Substrates with electron-withdrawing para substituents, such as fluorine or chlorine atoms, could also be used, furnishing products 4e and 4f with excellent enantioselectivity. Substitutions at the meta position are equally well tolerated and both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups provided the corresponding amine HCl salts in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (products 4g–j). m-Methoxy substrate (1h) was found to be less reactive and required 5 mol% catalyst loading. o-Fluoro-substituted imine HCl salt 1k also reacted more slowly and provided amine HCl salt 4k in 92% yield and with an e.r. of 99:1. m,p-Disubstitution led to similar results (product 4l). 2-Naphthyl N–H imine HCl salt afforded amine HCl salt product 4m in good yield and with an e.r. of 99:1. Interestingly, phenylethyl-substituted N–H imine HCl salt 1n was reduced at 10 °C in 85% yield with an e.r. of 97.5:2.5. A heterocyclic substrate, thiophene derivative 1o, efficiently underwent the reduction to afford the corresponding amine HCl salt 4o in 83% yield and with an e.r. of 98:2.

Scheme 3 Scale-up reaction with a chromatography-free protocol

To illustrate the practicality of our methodology, imine HCl salt 1b was reduced on a 5 gram scale by employing only 0.5 mol% (188 mg) of DSI-3c to afford the desired amine HCl salt 4b in 95% yield and with an e.r. of 99:1 without requiring column chromatography (Scheme [3]). Catalyst DSI-3c can be recovered in 76% yield via flash column chromatography followed by acidification.

Concerning the reaction mechanism, the following observations have been made: both salts 1a and 4a are essentially insoluble in MTBE or MeCy and our reaction generally occurs under heterogeneous conditions. However, even under completely homogeneous conditions (in CHCl₃), the reaction proceeds efficiently and with high enantioselectivity (e.r. = 93:7, Table [1], entry 6).[16] Furthermore, we found that the p-trihexylsilyl-substituted imine salt 1c was completely soluble in MeCy and efficiently underwent the reduction with 5 mol% of DSI-3c with moderate enantioselectivity (e.r. = 74.5:25.5). Remarkably though, slow addition of imine salt 1c to the reaction mixture resulted in 74% yield and an e.r. of 97.5:2.5 (Scheme [2]). Apparently, slowly adding the substrate suppresses the non-enantioselective background reaction, suggesting the chiral DSI counterion to be catalytically more efficient than the chloride counterion. These results exclude the involvement of ‘anionic phase-transfer catalysis’, an elegant approach developed by Toste et al.[17]

Finally, we studied the effect of the catalyst structure on the reaction rate toward rationalizing the high enantioselectivity of our methodology and proposing a reasonable overall mechanism. Monitoring the reduction of iminium salt 1a by ¹H NMR in CDCl₃ indeed revealed a great acceleration when comparing DSI-3a (pK _a = 8.5) and HCl (pK _a = 10.3; Scheme [4, a]). This observation is consistent with our initial hypothesis that the higher acidity of the DSI catalyst could aid in surpassing the background reactivity, providing a more efficient pathway to the enantiopure product. However, a significant increase of the reaction rate was also observed when using the less acidic and acyclic bisaryldisulfonimide 5a as the catalyst (pK _a = 10.2). Accordingly, it is not only the acid strength but possibly also the bifunctional nature of the DSI motif that facilitates the catalytic and enantioselective pathway.[13] Indeed, a progressive increase in the pK _a slowly decreased the reaction rate from catalyst 5d (pK _a = 8.2) to 5a (10.2), 5b (11.3), 5c (12.0), and saccharin 6 (14.6).

Scheme 4 Mechanism. ^a Overall rate to 50% yield in the reduction of 1a using catalysts with different pK _a (values in CH₃CN, see Supporting Information for further details). ^b Proposed catalytic cycle along with a stereochemical model of the transition state between the ion pair A and Hantzsch ester 2 (E = CO₂ ^t Bu).

In contrast, the more acidic aryl trifluoromethyldisulfonimide 7 (pK _a = 5.6) moderately decelerates the reaction, presumably due to an insufficient basicity of its counterion. Furthermore, cyclic catalyst DSI-3a, bearing aromatic 3,3′-substituents, outperforms chemically similar though acyclic catalysts such as bisaryldisulfonimide 5d reasonably due to π-stacking interactions with the substrate, which may accelerate ion pairing and the transfer hydrogenation.

Based on these studies, we propose a catalytic cycle that is initiated by a fast counteranion exchange between imine salt 1a and DSI-3c.[18] The resulting iminium ion pair A rapidly reacts with Hantzsch ester 2 in a bifunctional fashion (Scheme [4, b]), which leads to an enantiomerically enriched primary amine salt B along with the corresponding Hantzsch pyridine. Subsequently, the amine salt undergoes a counterion exchange with HCl to provide product salt 4a. A plausible transition state similar to TS rationalizes the transfer of the axial chirality of catalyst DSI-3c to the final product. Thus, π-stacking interactions favor the aromatic substituent of the iminium ion substrate closer to the catalyst leading to the stereoselective addition of hydride to the re-face of the iminium ion.

In summary, we have developed an asymmetric Brønsted acid catalyzed reduction of N–H imine hydrochloride salts. The reaction is catalyzed by a disulfonimide catalyst, uses a Hantzsch ester as the hydrogen source, and provides facile access to several hydrochloride salts of primary amines in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies suggest a bifunctional activation mode of our DSI catalyst. The use of iminium salts in asymmetric Brønsted acid catalyzed transformations suggests potential utility of our approach in many other useful processes.

Acknowledgment

We thank the technicians of our group, and the MS, GC, HPLC, and NMR groups of the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, especially J. Lingnau for their excellent service. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge our lab colleagues for their suggestions via internal Crowd Reviewing, especially J. L. Kennemur.

• References and Notes


For selected reviews, see:
• 1a Terada M. Chem. Commun. 2008; 4097
• 1b Kampen D, Reisinger CM, List B. Top. Curr. Chem. 2010; 291: 395
• 1c Terada M. Synthesis 2010; 1929
• 1d Akiyama T. In Science of Synthesis: Asymmetric Organocatalysis, Vol. 2 . Maruoka K. Thieme; Stuttgart: 2012: 169
• 1e Akiyama T, Mori K. Chem. Rev. 2015; 115: 9277
• 2 Nugent TC. In Chiral Amine Synthesis: Methods, Developments and Applications . Nugent TC. Wiley-VCH; Weinheim: 2010

For selected recent reviews on asymmetric reduction of imines and reductive amination of ketones, see:
• 3a Nugent TC, El-Shazly M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2010; 352: 753
• 3b Fleury-Bregeot N, de la Fuente V, Castillon S, Claver C. ChemCatChem 2010; 2: 1346
• 3c Xie J.-H, Zhu S.-F, Zhou Q.-L. Chem. Rev. 2011; 111: 1713
• 3d Wang C, Xiao J. Top. Curr. Chem. 2014; 343: 261
• 3e Tang W, Xiao J. Synthesis 2014; 46: 1297
• 3f Morisaki K, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. ACS Catal. 2020; 10: 6924

For selected recent examples of TM-catalyzed asymmetric reductive amination of ketones, see:
• 3g Gallardo-Donaire J, Hermsen M, Wysocki J, Ernst M, Rominger F, Trapp O, Hashmi AS. K, Schaefer A, Comba P, Schaub T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 355
• 3h Tan X, Gao S, Zeng W, Xin S, Yin Q, Zhang X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018; 140: 2024
• 4a Hoffmann S, Seayad AM, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005; 44: 7424
• 4b Wakchaure VN, Nicoletti M, Ratjen L, List B. Synlett 2010; 2708
• 4c Wakchaure VN, Kaib PS. J, Leutzsch M, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015; 54: 11852

For selected examples of other organocatalytic asymmetric imine reductions and reductive aminations, see:
• 5a Storer RI, Carrera DE, Ni Y, MacMillan DW. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006; 128: 84

For selected examples of organocatalytic asymmetric reductive amination of aldehydes and α-branched ketones via dynamic kinetic resolution, see:
• 5b Wakchaure VN, Zhou J, Hoffmann S, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010; 49: 4612
• 5c Hoffmann S, Nicoletti M, List B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006; 128: 13074

For selected examples of organocatalytic asymmetric α-imino ester reductions, see:
• 5d Li G, Liang Y, Antilla JC. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007; 129: 5830
• 5e Kang Q, Zhao Z.-A, You S.-L. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007; 349: 1657
• 5f Mazuela J, Antonsson T, Johansson MJ, Knerr L, Marsden SP. Org. Lett. 2017; 19: 5541

For reviews, see:
• 5g You S.-L. Chem. Asian J. 2007; 2: 820
• 5h Connon SJ. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2007; 5: 3407
• 5i Ouellet SG, Walji AM, Macmillan DW. C. Acc. Chem. Res. 2007; 40: 1327
• 5j Wang C, Wu X, Zhou L, Sun J. Chem. Eur. J. 2008; 14: 8789
• 5k de Vries JG, Mrsic N. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2011; 1: 727
• 5l Zheng C, You S.-L. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012; 41: 2498
• 5m Herrera RP. Top. Curr. Chem. 2016; 374: 1
• 5n Faisca Phillips AM, Pombeiro AJ. L. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017; 15: 2307

For organocatalytic asymmetric enamide reductions, see:
• 5o Li G, Antilla JC. Org. Lett. 2009; 11: 1075

For organocatalytic asymmetric enamide reductions, see:
• 5p Zhu C, Saito K, Yamanaka M, Akiyama T. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015; 48: 388
• 5q Shibata Y, Yamanaka M. J. Org. Chem. 2013; 78: 3731

For selected recent examples on Lewis base catalyzed asymmetric imine reductions and reductive aminations using silanes, see:
• 6a Malkov AV, Stončius S, MacDougall KN, Mariani A, McGeoch GD, Kočovský P. Tetrahedron 2006; 62: 264
• 6b Pei D, Zhang Y, Wei S, Wang M, Sun J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008; 350: 619
• 6c Guizzetti S, Benaglia M, Celentano G. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009; 3683
• 6d Gautier F.-M, Jones S, Li X, Martin SJ. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2011; 9: 7860
• 6e Hu X.-Y, Zhang M.-M, Shu C, Zhang Y.-H, Liao L.-H, Yuan W.-C, Zhang X.-M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014; 356: 3539
• 6f Wang C, Wu X, Zhou L, Sun J. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015; 13: 577
• 6g Chelouan A, Recio R, Borrego LG, Alvarez E, Khiar N, Fernandez I. Org. Lett. 2016; 18: 3258

For structural and mechanistic studies, see:
• 6h Zhang Z, Rooshenas P, Hausmann H, Schreiner PR. Synthesis 2009; 1531
• 6i Li X, Reeder AT, Torri F, Adams H, Jones S. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017; 15: 2422
• 7 For asymmetric imine reductions using catecholborane, see: Enders D, Rembiak A, Seppelt M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013; 54: 470

For metal-catalyzed N–H imine hydrochloride salt reduction, see:
• 8a Zhao Q, Wen J, Tan R, Huang K, Metola P, Wang R, Anslyn EV, Zhang X. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 8467
• 8b Hou G, Tao R, Sun Y, Zhang X, Gosselin F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 2124
• 8c Hou G, Gosselin F, Li W, McWilliams JC, Sun Y, Weisel M, O'Shea PD, Chen C.-y, Davies IW, Zhang X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009; 131: 9882

For metal-catalyzed unprotected β-enamino esters reduction, see:
• 8d Hou G, Li W, Ma M, Zhang X, Zhang X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010; 132: 12844

For organocatalytic ortho-hydroxyaryl alkyl and ortho-hydroxybenzophenone N–H imine reduction, see:
• 9a Nguyen TB, Bousserouel H, Wang Q, Gueritte F. Org. Lett. 2010; 12: 4705
• 9b Nguyen TB, Wang Q, Gueritte F. Chem. Eur. J. 2011; 17: 9576

For enantioselective reduction of aryl trifluoromethylated N–H imine with borane-chiral oxazaborolidine, see:
• 9c Gosselin F, O'Shea PD, Roy S, Reamer RA, Chen C.-Y, Volante RP. Org. Lett. 2005; 7: 355

For a Lewis base catalyzed asymmetric reduction of unprotected β-enamino esters with trichlorosilane, see:
• 9d Ye J, Wang C, Chen L, Wu X, Zhou L, Sun J. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2016; 358: 1042

For the nucleophilic reaction to CF₃NH ketimines catalyzed by Brønsted acid, see:
• 9e Sawa M, Morisaki K, Kondo Y, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. Chem. Eur. J. 2017; 23: 17022
• 9f Yonesaki R, Kondo Y, Akkad W, Sawa M, Morisaki K, Morimoto H, Ohshima T. Chem. Eur. J. 2018; 24: 15211
• 9g Miyagawa M, Yoshida M, Kiyota Y, Akiyama T. Chem. Eur. J. 2019; 25: 5677

For an example of using of N–H imine hydrochloride salts as in situ imine precursor in catalytic asymmetric additions, see:
• 9h Jang H, Romiti F, Torker S, Hoveyda AH. Nat. Chem. 2017; 1269
• 10 Wakchaure VN, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 15775
• 11 Brak K, Jacobsen EN. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 534

For reviews, see:
• 12a Mahlau M, List B. Isr. J. Chem. 2012; 52: 630
• 12b Mahlau M, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 518
• 13 For a theoretical study on N–H imine reduction using phosphoric acid and Hantzsch ester, see: Reid JP, Goodman JM. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017; 15: 6943

For reviews, see:
• 14a van Gemmeren M, Lay F, List B. Aldrichimica Acta 2014; 47: 3
• 14b James T, van Gemmeren M, List B. Chem. Rev. 2015; 115: 9388
• 14c Garcia-Garcia P, Lay F, Garcia-Garcia P, Rabalakos C, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009; 48: 4363
• 14d Ratjen L, Garcia-Garcia P, Lay F, Beck ME, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011; 50: 754
• 14e Guin J, Rabalakos C, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012; 51: 8859
• 14f Mahlau M, Garcia-Garcia P, List B. Chem. Eur. J. 2012; 18: 16283
• 14g Gandhi S, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013; 52: 2573
• 14h Wang Q, Leutzsch M, van Gemmeren M, List B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013; 135: 15334
• 14i Wang Q, van Gemmeren M, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 13592
• 14j Prevost S, Dupre N, Leutzsch M, Wang Q, Wakchaure V, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014; 53: 8770
• 14k Guin J, Wang Q, van Gemmeren M, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015; 54: 355
• 14l Wang Q, List B. Synlett 2015; 26: 1525
• 14m Wang Q, List B. Synlett 2015; 26: 807
• 14n Tap A, Blond A, Wakchaure VN, List B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016; 55: 8962
• 14o Höfler D, Goddard R, Nöthling N, List B. Synlett 2019; 30: 433
• 14p Zhang Z, Klussmann M, List B. Synlett 2020; 31 in press; DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707129.
• 15 General Procedure for the Asymmetric Reduction of N–H Imine Hydrochloride Salts An oven-dried 10 mL vial was charged with the hydrochloride salt of imine 1 (0.25 mmol), Hantzsch ester 2 (108.3 mg, 0.35 mmol, 1.4 equiv), disulfonimide DSI-3c, freshly activated MS 5Å (250 mg), and a magnetic stirring bar at RT. Then 7.5 mL (0.033 M) of MTBE–MeCy (MTBE–CHCl₃ in case of 1l) was added under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was then subjected to the appropriate reaction time and temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite, washed with isohexane (40 mL), and isohexane–MTBE (1:1, 40 mL) to remove the neutral compounds. The hydrochloride salt of the desired amine product 4 was then collected in >99% purity (by ¹H NMR analysis) by washing with 3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) and evaporating the filtrate under reduced pressure. The enantiomeric ratio of products 4 was determined by HPLC after benzoylation following a standard procedure. Crude enantiomeric ratios were determined after subjecting the reaction mixture with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, extracting the free amine product with MTBE, followed by benzoylation and HPLC analysis. (S)-1-[4-(tert-Butyl)phenyl]ethan-1-aminium Chloride (4b) Prepared according to the general procedure using DSI-3c (7.98 mg, 2.0 mol%, 0.02 equiv) in MTBE–MeCy (1:1) at RT for 24 h and obtained as colorless solid (43.25 mg, 81%, e.r. = 99.5:0.5, crude reaction e.r. = 99.5:0.5). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 8.58 (br s, 3 H), 7.46–7.27 (m, 4 H), 4.30–4.20 (m, 1 H), 1.55 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3 H), 1.21 (s, 9 H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃): δ = 151.8, 135.4, 126.8, 126.0, 51.5, 34.7, 31.4, 20.8. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C₁₂H₂₀N [M – Cl]⁺: 178.159060; found: 178.159024. The enantiomeric ratio was determined by derivatization to the corresponding benzamide by HPLC analysis using Daicel Chiralpak OD-3, n-heptane–IPA = 80:20, flow rate = 1.0 mL/min, 25 °C, λ = 220 nm, t _R = 3.13 min (minor) and t _R = 4.60 min (major). [α]_D ²⁵ –16.0° (c 0.63, CH₂Cl₂).
• 16 Additionally, when imine salt 1a was dissolved in CHCl₃ and filtered through an HPLC filter to ensure complete absence of insoluble salt, reduction under completely homogeneous conditions proceeded efficiently and with high enantioselectivity (e.r. = 93:7).
• 17a Nelson HM, Patel JS, Shunatona HP, Toste FD. Chem. Sci. 2015; 6. 170
• 17b Phipps RJ, Hamilton GL, Toste FD. Nat. Chem. 2012; 4: 603
• 18 See the Supporting Information for NMR studies on the speciation of the catalyst with the substrates and the products under the reaction conditions.