Facial Plast Surg 2020; 36(03): 217-225
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1694029
Original Research
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Temporal Augmentation: A Systematic Review

Sammy Othman
1   College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Jason E. Cohn
2   Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Jacob Burdett
2   Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Srihari Daggumati
3   Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Jason D. Bloom
4   Facial Plastic Surgery, Main Line Center for Laser Surgery, Ardmore, Pennsylvania
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
16 September 2019 (online)

Abstract

Clinicians employ various modalities in order to achieve temporal augmentation; however, no literature comprehensively describes these methods or provides perspective on available options. Understanding the available methodologies for cosmetic temporal augmentation allows for improved patient satisfaction with limited risk of complications. To synthesize the available literature on cosmetic temporal augmentation, including all available methodologies, patient satisfaction data, and complication rates, as well as to identify gaps in the available literature to encourage further research. A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Using the key terms “temporal” or “temple” and “augmentation” or “rejuvenation,” all article formats presenting primary literature data involving cosmetic temporal augmentation were included. Articles not presenting patient data or not discussing cosmetic indications were eliminated. A total of 12 articles were deemed appropriate for analysis. Of the 12 articles included, 6 (50%) evaluated filler techniques, 3 discussed fat grafting (25%), and 3 reviewed solid implant (25%) techniques. Eight (67%) of these were retrospective reviews, with the remaining being prospective trials (33%). All studies found high patient satisfaction rates and a small number of complications with their respective methodology. Several methods are employed for cosmetic temporal augmentation, including various types of injectable fillers, solid implants, and fat grafting, with all reporting successful satisfaction and complication outcomes. Further research is necessary to properly compare these modalities. Clinician discretion should guide procedural choice until future well-controlled studies are able to provide standardized outcomes.

 
  • References

  • 1 Paskhover B, Durand D, Kamen E, Gordon NA. Patterns of change in facial skeletal aging. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (05) 413-417
  • 2 Wilson MV, Fabi SG, Greene R. Correction of age-related midface volume loss with low-volume hyaluronic acid filler. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017; 19 (02) 88-93
  • 3 Pessa JE, Kenkel JM, Heldermon CD. Periorbital and temporal anatomy, “targeted fat grafting,” and how a novel circulatory system in human peripheral nerves and brain may help avoid nerve injury and blindness during routine facial augmentation. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 37 (08) 969-973
  • 4 Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The fat compartments of the face: anatomy and clinical implications for cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119 (07) 2219-2227 , discussion 2228–2231
  • 5 Huang R-L, Xie Y, Wang W. , et al. Anatomical study of temporal fat compartments and its clinical application for temporal fat grafting. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 37 (08) 855-862
  • 6 Xie Y, Zheng DN, Li QF. , et al. An integrated fat grafting technique for cosmetic facial contouring. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63 (02) 270-276
  • 7 Choi J, Choi H, Shin D. , et al. Autogenous fat grafting for mild-to-moderate postoperative temporal hollowing after decompressive craniectomy: one-year follow-up. Arch Plast Surg 2018; 45 (01) 69-73
  • 8 Burgess CM. Principles of soft tissue augmentation for the aging face. Clin Interv Aging 2006; 1 (04) 349-355
  • 9 McNichols CH, Hatef DA, Cole P, Hollier LH, Thornton JF. Contemporary techniques for the correction of temporal hollowing: augmentation temporoplasty with the classic dermal fat graft. J Craniofac Surg 2012; 23 (03) e234-e238
  • 10 Chundury RV, Weber AC, McBride J, Plesec TP, Perry JD. Microanatomical location of hyaluronic acid gel following injection of the temporal hollows. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 31 (05) 418-420
  • 11 Krastev TK, Beugels J, Hommes J, Piatkowski A, Mathijssen I, van der Hulst R. Efficacy and safety of autologous fat transfer in facial reconstructive surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (05) 351-360
  • 12 Bellini E, Grieco MP, Raposio E. The science behind autologous fat grafting. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2017; 24: 65-73
  • 13 Strong AL, Cederna PS, Rubin JP, Coleman SR, Levi B. The current state of fat grafting: a review of harvesting, processing, and injection techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 136 (04) 897-912
  • 14 Khawaja HA, Hernandez-Perez E. Fat transfer review: controversies, complications, their prevention and treatment. Int J Cosmet Surg Aesthetic Dermatol 2002; 4: 131-138
  • 15 Chou CK, Lin TM, Chou C. , et al. Influential factors in autologous fat transplantation—focusing on the lumen size of injection needle and the injecting volume. J IPRAS. 2013; 9: 25-27
  • 16 Lee SS, Huang YH, Lin TY. , et al. Long-term outcome of microautologous fat transplantation to correct temporal depression. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28 (03) 629-634
  • 17 Wang W, Xie Y, Huang RL. , et al. Facial contouring by targeted restoration of facial fat compartment volume: the midface. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139 (03) 563-572
  • 18 Zhou J, Xie Y, Wang WJ. , et al. Hand rejuvenation by targeted volume restoration of the dorsal fat compartments. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 38 (01) 92-100
  • 19 Huang RL, Xie Y, Wang W, Tan P, Li Q. Long-term outcomes of temporal hollowing augmentation by targeted volume restoration of fat compartments in Chinese adults. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018; 20 (05) 387-393
  • 20 Moradi A, Shirazi A, Moradi J. A 12-month, prospective, evaluator-blinded study of small gel particle hyaluronic acid filler in the correction of temporal fossa volume loss. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12 (04) 470-475
  • 21 Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J. , et al. Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation 2004; 109 (10) 1292-1298
  • 22 Li J, Gao J, Cha P. , et al. Supplementing fat grafts with adipose stromal cells for cosmetic facial contouring. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (3 Pt 1): 449-456
  • 23 Gold MH. Use of hyaluronic acid fillers for the treatment of the aging face. Clin Interv Aging 2007; 2 (03) 369-376
  • 24 Kim JH, Ahn DK, Jeong HS, Suh IS. Treatment algorithm of complications after filler injection: based on wound healing process. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29 (Suppl. 03) S176-S182
  • 25 Haneke E. Managing complications of fillers: rare and not-so-rare. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2015; 8 (04) 198-210
  • 26 Jung W, Youn KH, Won SY, Park JT, Hu KS, Kim HJ. Clinical implications of the middle temporal vein with regard to temporal fossa augmentation. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (06) 618-623
  • 27 Papakonstantinou E, Roth M, Karakiulakis G. Hyaluronic acid: a key molecule in skin aging. Dermatoendocrinol 2012; 4 (03) 253-258
  • 28 Moradi A, Shirazi A, Perez V. A guide to temporal fossa augmentation with small gel particle hyaluronic acid dermal filler. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10 (06) 673-676
  • 29 Lambros V. A technique for filling the temples with highly diluted hyaluronic acid: the “dilution solution.”. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31 (01) 89-94
  • 30 Jacovella PF. Use of calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for facial augmentation. Clin Interv Aging 2008; 3 (01) 161-174
  • 31 Moreira-Gonzalez A, Jackson IT, Miyawaki T, DiNick V, Yavuzer R. Augmentation of the craniomaxillofacial region using porous hydroxyapatite granules. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 (06) 1808-1817
  • 32 Byrd HS, Hobar PC, Shewmake K. Augmentation of the craniofacial skeleton with porous hydroxyapatite granules. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 91 (01) 15-22 , discussion 23–26
  • 33 Juhász MLW, Levin MK, Marmur ES. Pilot study examining the safety and efficacy of calcium hydroxylapatite filler with integral lidocaine over a 12-month period to correct temporal fossa volume loss. Dermatol Surg 2018; 44 (01) 93-100
  • 34 Watanabe K, Miyagi H, Tsurukiri K. Augmentation of temporal area by insertion of silicone plate under the temporal fascia. Ann Plast Surg 1984; 13 (04) 309-319
  • 35 Lin DJ, Wong TT, Ciavarra GA, Kazam JK. Adventures and misadventures in plastic surgery and soft-tissue implants. Radiographics 2017; 37 (07) 2145-2163
  • 36 Cuzalina LA, Hlavacek MR. Complications of facial implants. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2009; 21 (01) 91-104 , vi–vii
  • 37 Liu X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Lei Z, Li X, Fan D. The use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in depressed deformities of the face. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12 (05) 3151-3154
  • 38 Song YT. Using methyl methacrylate in forehead contouring for aesthetic purposes. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24 (05) 1622-1627
  • 39 Gordon CR, Yaremchuk MJ. Temporal augmentation with methyl methacrylate. Aesthet Surg J 2011; 31 (07) 827-833
  • 40 Hirohi T, Nagai K, Ng D, Harii K. integrated forehead and temporal augmentation using 3D printing-assisted methyl methacrylate implants. Aesthet Surg J 2018; 38 (11) 1157-1168
  • 41 Fedok FG, van Kooten DW, Levin RJ. Temporal augmentation with a layered expanded polytetrafluoroethylene implant. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 120 (06) 929-933
  • 42 Saygun O, Topaloglu S, Avsar FM. , et al. Reinforcement of the suture line with an ePTFE graft attached with histoacryl glue in duodenal trauma. Can J Surg 2006; 49 (02) 107-112
  • 43 McKeown ADj, Beattie RF, Murrell GA, Lam PH. Biomechanical comparison of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and PTFE interpositional patches and direct tendon-to-bone repair for massive rotator cuff tears in an ovine model. Shoulder Elbow 2016; 8 (01) 22-31
  • 44 Batniji RK, Hutchison JL, Dahiya R, Lam SL, Williams III EF. Tissue response to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone implants in a rabbit model. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2002; 4 (02) 111-113
  • 45 Lin J, Chen X, Zhang W, Xu L, Zheng X. Temporal augmentation using a polytetrafluoroethylene implant with the assistance of an endoscope. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010; 34 (06) 701-704
  • 46 Rihani J. Aesthetics and Rejuvenation of the Temple. Facial Plast Surg 2018; 34 (02) 159-163
  • 47 Rose AE, Day D. Esthetic rejuvenation of the temple. Clin Plast Surg 2013; 40 (01) 77-89
  • 48 Preissig J, Hamilton K, Markus R. Current laser resurfacing technologies: a review that delves beneath the surface. Semin Plast Surg 2012; 26 (03) 109-116
  • 49 Vasily DB, Cerino ME, Ziselman EM, Zeina ST. Non-ablative fractional resurfacing of surgical and post-traumatic scars. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8 (11) 998-1005
  • 50 Babakurban ST, Cakmak O, Kendir S, Elhan A, Quatela VC. Temporal branch of the facial nerve and its relationship to fascial layers. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2010; 12 (01) 16-23
  • 51 Shin KJ, Shin HJ, Lee SH, Koh KS, Song WC. Surgical anatomy of the superficial temporal artery to prevent facial nerve injury during arterial biopsy. Clin Anat 2018; 31 (04) 608-613
  • 52 Sykes JM. Applied anatomy of the temporal region and forehead for injectable fillers. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8 (10, Suppl): s24-s27
  • 53 Tansatit T, Apinuntrum P, Phetudom T. An anatomical study of the middle temporal vein and the drainage vascular networks to assess the potential complications and the preventive maneuver during temporal augmentation using both anterograde and retrograde injections. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2015; 39 (05) 791-799
  • 54 Jiang X, Liu DL, Chen B. Middle temporal vein: a fatal hazard in injection cosmetic surgery for temple augmentation. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2014; 16 (03) 227-229
  • 55 Frodel JL, Lee S. The use of high-density polyethylene implants in facial deformities. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124 (11) 1219-1223
  • 56 Yaremchuk MJ. Facial skeletal reconstruction using porous polyethylene implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111 (06) 1818-1827
  • 57 Worley CM, Strauss RA. Augmentation of the anterior temporal fossa after temporalis muscle transfer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78 (02) 146-150
  • 58 Niamtu J. Cosmetic Facial Surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016
  • 59 Atherton DD, Joshi N, Kirkpatrick N. Augmentation of temporal fossa hollowing with Mersilene mesh. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63 (10) 1629-1634
  • 60 Engelhard P, Humble G, Mest D. Safety of Sculptra: a review of clinical trial data. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2005; 7 (3-4): 201-205
  • 61 Chen HH, Javadi P, Daines SM, Williams III EF. Quantitative assessment of the longevity of poly-L-lactic acid as a volumizing filler using 3-dimensional photography. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2015; 17 (01) 39-43
  • 62 de Melo F, Nicolau P, Piovano L. , et al. Recommendations for volume augmentation and rejuvenation of the face and hands with the new generation polycaprolactone-based collagen stimulator (Ellansé®). Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10: 431-440
  • 63 Moers-Carpi MM, Sherwood S. Polycaprolactone for the correction of nasolabial folds: a 24-month, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (3 Pt 1): 457-463
  • 64 Yoshimura K, Coleman SR. Complications of fat grafting: how they occur and how to find, avoid, and treat them. Clin Plast Surg 2015; 42 (03) 383-388 , ix
  • 65 Pu LL. Mechanisms of fat graft survival. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 77 (Suppl. 01) S84-S86
  • 66 Kim JH, Lee R, Shin CH, Kim HK, Han YS. Temporal augmentation with calvarial onlay graft during pterional craniotomy for prevention of temporal hollowing. Arch Craniofac Surg 2018; 19 (02) 94-101
  • 67 Güven E, Kuvat SV, Aydin HU, Yazar M, Emekli U. Facial contour reconstruction with temporoparietal prelaminated dermal-adipose flaps. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2010; 38 (05) 374-378
  • 68 Wolff KD, Kesting M, Löffelbein D, Hölzle F. Perforator-based anterolateral thigh adipofascial or dermal fat flaps for facial contour augmentation. J Reconstr Microsurg 2007; 23 (08) 497-503
  • 69 Bullocks J, Naik B, Lee E, Hollier Jr L. Flow-through flaps: a review of current knowledge and a novel classification system. Microsurgery 2006; 26 (06) 439-449
  • 70 Woodard CR. Complications in facial flap surgery. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2013; 21 (04) 599-604